A Scoping Review of Nurse-Led Medical-Surgical Knowledge Translation Interventions to Improve In-Hospital Clinical Practice in the WHO Afro Region

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/2520-5293/15525

Keywords:

medical-surgical, nurse-led, knowledge translation interventions, in-hospital, clinical practice, World Health Organization Afro Region

Abstract

The process of placing research knowledge into action and thereby ensuring its dissemination is very important in healthcare currently. Although nurse-led knowledge translation interventions have become an important focus in the high-income countries, the extent of such interventions in the World Health Organization (WHO) Afro Region is not well established. This scoping review aimed to map the evidence of nurse-led knowledge translation interventions in the countries in the WHO Afro Region using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Scoping Review Methodology. A systematic electronic search of articles was carried out in selected electronic data bases using various search engines. All 688 eligible identified articles were imported into the Systematic Reviews Web App (Beta) Rayyan. The selection process included title and abstract screening, and full text article screening. A Prisma flow diagram detailing the procedure was developed. The review process resulted in 21 selected articles. The results showed minimal publications between 2013 and 2019 with a sudden increase in 2020 (n = 5) and 2021 (n = 4). The Eastern WHO Afro Region contributed 48% of the studies, followed by the Western WHO Afro Region with 43%. Ten countries were selected through the process of screening according to where nurse-led medical-surgical knowledge translation interventions were found. Nigeria contributed 33%, followed by Uganda with 19%. The scoping review concluded that studies be appraised for their ability to promote evidence-based knowledge, skills and behaviour in both rural and urban clinical settings. More of these studies need to be conducted in the WHO Afro Region. More focused systematic reviews should be conducted to sum up the best available research on these specific questions, supported by findings by clinical setting, type of intervention, and outcomes.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Geldine Chironda, University of KwaZulu-Natal

Post doctoral Research Fellow

Petra Brysiewicz, University of KwaZulu-Natal

PhD, MN, FAAN, fANSA, ASSAf

School of Nursing & Public Health 

University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Editor: International Emergency Nursing 

References

Abdullah, G., D. Rossy, J. Ploeg, B. Davies, K. Higuchi, and L. Sikora. 2014. “Measuring the Effectiveness of Mentoring as a Knowledge Translation Intervention for Implementing Empirical Evidence: A Systematic Review.” Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing 11 (5): 284–300.

Adewunmi, M. C., and R. A. Salawu. 2021. “Outcome of Nurse-Led Intervention on Knowledge and Practice of Aseptic Technique among Surgical Nurses in Two Teaching Hospitals in Lagos State, Nigeria.” African Journal of Health, Nursing and Midwifery 4 (2): 88–104. https://doi.org/10.52589/ajhnm-wch721kj

Ahmat, A., S. C. Okoroafor, I. Kazanga, J. A. Asamani, J. J. S. Millogo, and M. M. A. Illou. 2022. “The Health Workforce Status in the WHO African Region: Findings of a Cross-Sectional Study.” BMJ Global Health 7 (Suppl 1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008317

Alipour, F., K. Idris, and R. Karimi. 2011. “Knowledge Creation and Transfer: Role of Learning Organization.” International Journal of Business Administration 2 (3): 61–67. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v2n3p61

Allegranzi, B., A. M. Aiken, N. Zeynep Kubilay, P. Nthumba, J. Barasa, and G. Okumu. 2018. “A Multimodal Infection Control and Patient Safety Intervention to Reduce Surgical Site Infections in Africa: A Multicentre, Before–After, Cohort Study.” Lancet Infectious Diseases 18 (5): 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30107-5

Alston, L., M. Field, F. Brew, W. Payne, D. Aras, and V. L. Versace. 2022. “Addressing the Lack of Research in Rural Communities through Building Rural Health Service Research: Establishment of a Research Unit in Colac, a Medium Rural Town.” Australian Journal of Rural Health 30 (4): 536–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12860

Asante, E., V. Bam, D. A. Diji, A. Lomotey, A. Owusu Boateng, and O. Sarfo-Kantanka. 2020. “Pilot Mobile Phone Intervention in Promoting Type 2 Diabetes Management in an Urban Area in Ghana: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Diabetes Education 46 (5): 455–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721720954070

Asuquo, E., and J. B. Etowa. 2016. “Nurses’ Involvement in HIV Policy Formulation in Nigerian Health Care System.” Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research 7 (7): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.1000589

Barria, P. R. 2022. “Nursing Research, Dissemination of Knowledge and its Potential Contribution to the Practice.” Investigacion y Educacion en Enfermeria 40 (3): e01. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v40n3e01

Barwick, M., R. Dubrowski, and K. Petricca. 2020. Knowledge Translation: The Rise of Implementation. Washington: American Institutes for Research.

Brysiewicz, P., and Y. O. Oyegbile. 2021. “Addressing ‘Research-Phobia’ among Nurses in the Clinical Area.” Professional Nursing Today 25 (1): 21–23.

Bulto, L. N., J. Roseleur, S. Noonan, M. A. Pinero de Plaza, S. Champion, and H. A. Dafny. 2023. “Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Interventions versus Usual Care to Manage Hypertension and Lifestyle Behaviour: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 23 (1): 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjcn/zvad040

Cassidy, C. E., M. B. Harrison, C. Godfrey, V. Nincic, P. A. Khan, and P. Oakley. 2021. “Use and Effects of Implementation Strategies for Practice Guidelines in Nursing: A Systematic Review.” Implementation Science 16 (1): 102.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-021-01165-5

Cheng, H., C. George, M. Dunham, L. Whitehead, and E. Denney-Wilson. 2021. “Nurse-Led Interventions in the Prevention and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Infants, Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review.” International Journal of Nursing Studies 121: 104008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104008

Chironda, G., M. A. Jarvis, and P. Brysiewicz. 2022. “Family-Focused Nursing Research in WHO Afro-Region Member States: A Scoping Review.” Journal of Family Nursing 29 (2): 136–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/10748407221132018

Chu, K., R. Maine, and R. Duvenage. 2021. “We Asked the Experts: The Role of Rural Hospitals in Achieving Equitable Surgical Access in Low-Resourced Settings.” World Journal of Surgery 45 (10): 3016–3018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-021-06271-5

Colquhoun, H., J. Leeman, S. Michie, C. Lokker, P. Bragge, and S. Hempel. 2014. “Towards a Common Terminology: A Simplified Framework of Interventions to Promote and Integrate Evidence into Health Practices, Systems, and Policies.” Implementation Science 9: 51.

Conradie, A., R. Duys, P. Forget, and B. M. Biccard. 2018. “Barriers to Clinical Research in Africa: A Quantitative and Qualitative Survey of Clinical Researchers in 27 African Countries.” British Journal of Anaesthesia 121 (4): 813–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.06.013

Cui, X., X. Zhou, L. L. Ma, T. W. Sun, L. Bishop, and F. W. Gardiner. 2019. “A Nurse-Led Structured Education Program Improves Self-Management Skills and Reduces Hospital Readmissions in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A Randomized and Controlled Trial in China.” Rural Remote Health 19 (2): 5270. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH5270

Cummings, G. G., S. A. Olivo, P. D. Biondo, C. R. Stiles, O. Yurtseven, and R. L. Fainsinger. 2011. “Effectiveness of Knowledge Translation Interventions to Improve Cancer Pain Management.” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 41 (5): 915–939.

Curtis, K., M. Fry, R. Z. Shaban, and J. Considine. 2017. “Translating Research Findings to Clinical Nursing Practice.” Journal of Clinical Nursing 26 (5–6): 862–872. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13586

Desse, T. A., K. M. Namara, H. Yifter, and E. Manias. 2022. “Development of a Complex Intervention for Effective Management of Type 2 Diabetes in a Developing Country.” Journal of Clinical Medicine 11 (5): 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051149

Downing, J., M. Batuli, G. Kivumbi, J. Kabahweza, L. Grant, and S. A. Murray. 2016. “A Palliative Care Link Nurse Programme in Mulago Hospital, Uganda: An Evaluation Using Mixed Methods.” BMC Palliative Care 15: 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-016-0115-6

Edwards, A., V. Zweigenthal, and J. Olivier. 2019. “Evidence Map of Knowledge Translation Strategies, Outcomes, Facilitators and Barriers in African Health Systems.” Health Research Policy and Systems 17 (1): 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-019-0419-0

Etowa, J., A. Vukic, M. Aston, D. Iduye, S. McKibbon, and A. George. 2023. “Experiences of Nurses and Midwives in Policy Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Qualitative Systematic Review.” International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances 5: 100116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2022.100116

Etyang, C., G. Nambozi, and L. Brennaman. 2020. “A Nurse-Led Low-Cost Intervention Effectively Traces Prevalence of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections at a Low-Resourced Regional Referral Hospital in Western Uganda: A Case for Policy Change.” Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice 21 (1): 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154419886289

Faessler, L., S. Kofler, J. Wenke-Zobler, C. Brunner, P. Schafer-Keller, and S. De Geest. 2023. “The Use of Nurse-Led Care Intervention to Improve Self-Care Abilities Subsequently Decreasing Readmission in Multimorbid Hospitalized Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study in a Real-World Setting.” Nursing Open 10 (6): 3787–3798. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1637

Farnese, M. L., B. Barbieri, A. Chirumbolo, and G. Patriotta. 2019. “Managing Knowledge in Organizations: A Nonaka’s SECI Model Operationalization.” Frontiers in Psychology 10: 2730. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02730

Frieden, M., B. Zamba, N. Mukumbi, P. T. Mafaune, B. Makumbe, and E. Irungu. 2020. “Setting Up a Nurse-Led Model of Care for Management of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus in a High HIV Prevalence Context in Rural Zimbabwe: A Descriptive Study.” BMC Health Services Research 20 (1): 486. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05351-x

Gardner, K., M. L. Kanaskie, A. C. Knehans, S. Salisbury, K. K. Doheny, and V. Schirm. 2016. “Implementing and Sustaining Evidence Based Practice through a Nursing Journal Club.” Applied Nursing Research Journal 31: 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2016.02.001

Geerligs, L., N. M. Rankin, H. L. Shepherd, and P. Butow. 2018. “Hospital-Based Interventions: A Systematic Review of Staff-Reported Barriers and Facilitators to Implementation Processes.” Implementation Science 13 (1): 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-018-0726-9

Gopalan, M., K. Rosinger, and J. B. Ahn. 2020. “Use of Quasi-Experimental Research Designs in Education Research: Growth, Promise, and Challenges.” Review of Research in Education 44 (1): 218–243. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732x20903302

Hailu, F. B., C. W. Kassahun, and M. W. Kerie. 2016. “Perceived Nurse-Physician Communication in Patient Care and Associated Factors in Public Hospitals of Jimma Zone, South West Ethiopia: Cross Sectional Study.” PLoS ONE 11 (9): e0162264. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162264

Katende, G., and M. Donnelly. 2016. “Using the Ottawa Model of Research Use to Implement a WHO Hypertension Education Interventions in Nurse-Led Hypertension Pilot Program in Uganda.” International Journal of Nursing 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.15640/ijn.v3n1a5

Katende, G., S. Groves, and K. Becker. 2014. “Hypertension Education Intervention with Ugandan Nurses Working in Hospital Outpatient Clinic: A Pilot Study.” Nursing Research and Practice 2014: 710702. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/710702

Katowa-Mukwato, P., V. Mwiinga-Kalusopa, K. Chitundu, M. Kanyanta, D. Chanda, and M. Mbewe Mwelwa. 2021. “Implementing Evidence Based Practice Nursing Using the PDSA Model: Process, Lessons and Implications.” International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100261

Khalil, H., M. Bennett, C. Godfrey, P. McInerney, Z. Munn, and M. Peters. 2020. “Evaluation of the JBI Scoping Reviews Methodology by Current Users.” International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare 18 (1): 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000202

Kourie, H. R., R. Eid, F. Haddad, M. Ghosn, and D. K. Sarkis. 2020. “The Future of Cancer Research after COVID-19 Pandemic: Recession?” Future Oncology 16 (21): 1493–1495. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2020-0397

Mallidou, A. A., P. Atherton, L. Chan, N. Frisch, S. Glegg, and G. Scarrow. 2018. “Core Knowledge Translation Competencies: A Scoping Review.” BMC Health Services Research 18 (1): 502. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3314-4

McParland, C., B. Johnston, and M. Cooper. 2022. “A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review of Nurse-Led Interventions for People with Multimorbidity.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 78 (12): 3930–3951. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15427

Memon, S. B., J. A. Qureshi, and I. A. Jokhio. 2020. “The Role of Organizational Culture in Knowledge Sharing and Transfer in Pakistani Banks: A Qualitative Study.” Global Business and Organizational Excellence 39 (3): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.21997

Mikel, W., C. Alexander, B. Lyman, J. Parchment, L. Joseph, and E. Chipps. 2021. “Filling the Knowledge Gap for Nurse: Next Steps Following Covid-19.” Nurse Leader 19 (6): 616–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mnl.2021.07.005

Mulkey, M. A. 2021. “Engaging Bedside Nurse in Research and Quality Improvement.” Journal for Nurses in Professional Development 37 (3): 138–142. https://doi.org/10.1097/NND.0000000000000732

Munn, Z., A. McArthur, K. Porritt, L. Lizarondo, S. Moola, and C. Lockwood. 2020. “Section 2: Evidence Implementation Projects Using an Evidence-Based Audit and Feedback Approach: The JBI Implementation Framework.” In JBI Handbook for Evidence Implementation, edited by K. Porritt, A. McArthur, C. Lockwood and Z. Munn. Adelaide: Joanna Briggs Institute. https://implementationmanual.jbi.global

Munn, Z., C. Stern, K. Porritt, C. Lockwood, E. Aromataris, and Z. Jordan. 2018. “Evidence Transfer: Ensuring End Users Are Aware of, Have Access to, and Understand the Evidence.” International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare 16 (2): 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000134

Murunga, V. I., R. N. Oronje, I. Bates, N. Tagoe, and J. Pulford. 2020. “Review of Published Evidence on Knowledge Translation Capacity, Practice and Support among Researchers and Research Institutions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.” Health Research Policy and Systems 18 (1): 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-019-0524-0

Ouzzani, M., H. Hammady, Z. Fedorowicz, and A. Elmagarmid. 2016. “Rayyan – a Web and Mobile App for Systematic Reviews.” Systematic Reviews 5: 210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4

Oyegbile, Y. O., and P. Brysiewicz. 2021. “Tools to Measure Families Experience in the Emergency Department: A Scoping Review.” International Emergency Nursing 58: 101038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2021.101038

Oyekanmi, M. O., O. Olorunfemi, R. A. Salawu, and F. E. Akintunde. 2020. “Effect of Nurse-Led Education on Knowledge of Leg Ulcer Prevention among Diabetes Patients in Selected Public Hospitals in Ondo State, Nigeria.” EAS Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 2 (5): 316–323. https://doi.org/10.36349/easjnm.2020.v02i05.004

Palinkas, L. A., S. M. Horwitz, C. A. Green, J. P. Wisdom, N. Duan, and K. Hoagwood. 2015. “Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research.” Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 42 (5): 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y

Pandian, V., S. Boisen, M. Sauer, A. Siller, and P. Ariyo. 2019. “Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of an Evidence Based Nurse-Led Rapid Response Program in a Low-Resource Setting.” Sigma’s VIRTUAL 31st International Nursing Research Congress, United States of America.

Peters, M. D. J., C. Marnie, H. Colquhoun, C. M. Garritty, S. Hempel, and T. Horsley. 2021. “Scoping Reviews: Reinforcing and Advancing the Methodology and Application.” Systematic Reviews 10 (1): 263. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01821-3

Pollock, D., E. L. Davies, M. D. J. Peters, A. C. Tricco, L. Alexander, and P. McInerney. 2021. “Undertaking a Scoping Review: A Practical Guide for Nursing and Midwifery Students, Clinicians, Researchers, and Academics.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 77 (4): 2102–2113. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14743

Premji, S. S., and J. Hatfield. 2016. “Call to Action for Nurses/Nursing.” BioMed Research International 2016: 3127543. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3127543

Rasmussen, B., S. Holton, K. Wynter, D. Phillips, J. L. David, and M. J. Rothmann. 2022. “We’re on Mute! Exclusion of Nurses’ Voices in National Decisions and Responses to COVID-19: An International Perspective.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 78 (7): e87–e90. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15236

Raynaud, M., V. Goutaudier, K. Louis, S. Al-Awadhi, Q. Dubourg, and A. Truchot. 2021. “Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Publication Dynamics and non-COVID-19 Research Production.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 21 (1): 255. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-021-01404-9

Roberts, N. A., A. M. Young, and J. Duff. 2023. “Using Implementation Science in Nursing Research.” Seminars in Oncology Nursing 39 (2): 151399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2023.151399

Schuler, E., F. Paul, L. Connor, D. Doherty, and M. DeGrazia. 2020. “Cultivating Evidence-Based Practice through Mentorship.” Applied Nursing Research Journal 55: 151295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151295

Schweizer, M. L., B. I. Braun, and A. M. Milstone. 2016. “Research Methods in Healthcare Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Stewardship-Quasi-Experimental Designs.” Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 37 (10): 1135–1140. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.117

Sinuff, T., J. Muscedere, N. K. Adhikari, H. T. Stelfox, P. Dodek, and D. K. Heyland. 2013. “Knowledge Translation Interventions for Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review.” Critical Care Medicine 41 (11): 2627–2640.

Smith, J., C. Filmalter, A. Masenge, and T. Heyns. 2022. “The Accuracy of Nurse-Led Triage of Adult Patients in the Emergency Centre of Urban Private Hospitals.” African Journal of Emergency Medicine 12 (2): 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2022.02.007

Smith, J. G., C. M. Plover, M. C. McChesney, and E. T. Lake. 2019. “Isolated, Small, and Large Hospitals Have Fewer Nursing Resources than Urban Hospitals: Implications for Rural Health Policy.” Public Health Nursing 36 (4): 469–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12612

Spies, L. A., S. G. Bader, J. G. Opollo, and J. Gray. 2018. “Nurse-Led Interventions for Hypertension: A Scoping Review with Implications for Evidence-Based Practice.” Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing 15 (4): 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12297

Straus, S., J. Tetroe, and I. Graham. 2013. Knowledge Translation in Health Care: Moving from Evidence to Practice. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.

Tamiru, S., M. Dugassa, B. Amsalu, K. Bidira, L. Bacha, and D. Tsegaye. 2023. “Effects of Nurse-Led Diabetes Self-Management Education on Self-Care Knowledge and Self-Care Behavior among Adult Patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Attending Diabetes Follow Up Clinic: A Quasi-Experimental Study Design.” International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2023.100548

Thurlimann, E., L. Verweij, and R. Naef. 2022. “The Implementation of Evidence-Informed Family Nursing Practices: A Scoping Review of Strategies, Contextual Determinants, and Outcomes.” Journal of Family Nursing 28 (3): 258–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/10748407221099655

Titler, M. G. 2018. “Translation Research in Practice.” Online Journal of Issues in Nursing 23 (2). https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol23No02Man01

Tricco, A. C., H. M. Ashoor, R. Cardoso, H. MacDonald, E. Cogo, and M. Kastner. 2016. “Sustainability of Knowledge Translation Interventions in Healthcare Decision-Making: A Scoping Review.” Implementation Science 11: 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-016-0421-7

Valentelyte, G., C. Keegan, and J. Sorensen. 2022. “A Comparison of Four Quasi-Experimental Methods: An Analysis of the Introduction of Activity-Based Funding in Ireland.” BMC Health Services Research 22 (1): 1311. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08657-0

Van Wyk, A. 2015. “Burnout, Empowerment, Workplace Relationships and the Practice Environment: An Intervention Programme for Critical Care Nurses.” PhD diss., North-West University.

WHO (World Health Organization). 2021. “The WHO Global Strategic Directions for Nursing and Midwifery (2021–2025).” https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240033863

Yost, J., R. Ganann, D. Thompson, F. Aloweni, K. Newman, and A. Hazzan. 2015. “The Effectiveness of Knowledge Translation Interventions for Promoting Evidence-Informed Decision-Making among Nurses in Tertiary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Implementation Science 10: 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0286-1

Yost, J., D. Thomson, R. Ganann, F. Aloweni, K. Newman, and A. McKibbon. 2014. “Knowledge Translation Strategies for Enhancing Nurses Evidence-Informed Decision Making a Scoping Review.” Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing 11 (3): 156–167.

Zhao, J., W. Bai, Q. Zhang, Y. Su, J. Wang, and X. Du. 2022. “Evidence-Based Practice Implementation in Healthcare in China: A Living Scoping Review.” Lancet Regional Health Western Pacific 20: 100355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100355

Published

2024-05-22

How to Cite

Haifete, Anna N., Geldine Chironda, and Petra Brysiewicz. “A Scoping Review of Nurse-Led Medical-Surgical Knowledge Translation Interventions to Improve In-Hospital Clinical Practice in the WHO Afro Region”. Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 16 pages. https://doi.org/10.25159/2520-5293/15525.

Issue

Section

Review Article
Received 2023-12-05
Accepted 2024-03-15
Published 2024-05-22