The Double-Edged Sword Effect of Social Media on COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa

Authors

  • Ivy Rukasha University of Limpopo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6549/11252

Keywords:

COVID-19, sub-Saharan Africa, social media

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has entered its third year ravaging the lives of people worldwide. During the pandemic, social media usage has increased significantly, as people seek not only for educative information about COVID-19 but also for platforms to collectively respond to the outbreak. An increase in traffic to websites and government sources has significantly contributed to an overall increase in internet usage during the pandemic. On a positive note, social media is being used by the scientific community as an ally to enhance research coordination and quickly disseminate crucial information about COVID-19 across geographical boundaries and time zones. However, a major problem with social media has been the spread of “infodemic” or widespread misinformation about treatment and vaccines for the virus. The COVID-19 “infodemic” led to an increase in vaccine hesitancy, panic, fear and confusion in people and it is amplifying rumours and questionable information. Consequently, the objective of this review is to look at the role of social media as a tool for the good, the bad and the ugly in the ongoing fight against COVID-19.

References

Abbas, Jaffar, Dake Wang, Zhaohui Su, and Arash Ziapour. 2021. “The Role of Social Media in the Advent of Covid-19 Pandemic: Crisis Management, Mental Health Challenges and Implications.” Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 14: 1917–932. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S284313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S284313

Abd-Alrazaq, Alaa, Dari Alhuwail, Mowafa Househ, Mounir Hamdi, and Zubair Shah. 2020. “Top Concerns of Tweeters during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Infoveillance Study.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22 (4): 19016. https://doi.org/10.2196/19016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/19016

Africa CDC (Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention). 2020. “Majority of Africans Would Take a Safe and Effective COVID-19 Vaccine.” Accessed April 21, 2022. https://africacdc.org/news-item/majority-of-africans-would-take-a-safe-and-effective-covid-19-vaccine.

Africa CDC (Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention). 2021. “Tag: COVID-19 Vaccine: Outbreak Brief 147: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic.” Accessed April 21, 2022. https://africacdc.org/document-tag/covid-19-vaccine/.

Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Elvis John Hagan Jr., Abdul-Aziz Seidu, and Thomas Schack. 2020. “Rising above Misinformation or Fake News in Africa: Another Strategy to Control COVID-19 Spread.” Frontiers in Communication 5: article 45. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2020.00045. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2020.00045

Aichner, Thomas, Matthias Grünfelder, Oswin Maurer, and Deni Jegeni. 2021. “Twenty-Five Years of Social Media: A Review of Social Media Applications and Definitions from 1994 to 2019.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 24 (4): 215–22. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0134

Aichner, Thomas, and Jacob Frank. 2015. “Measuring the Degree of Corporate Social Media Use.” International Journal of Market Research 57 (2): 257–76. https://doi.org/10.2501/IJMR-2015–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2501/IJMR-2015-018

Al-Dmour, Hani, Ra’ed Masa’deh, Amer Salman, Mohammad Abuhashesh, and Rand Al-Dmour. 2020. “Influence of Social Media Platforms on Public Health Protection against the COVID-19 Pandemic via the Mediating Effects of Public Health Awareness and Behavioral Changes: Integrated Model.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22 (8): 19996. https://doi.org/10.2196/19996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/19996

Al‑Uqdah, Lola, Abron Franklin, Chu‑Chuan Chiu, and Brianna Boyd. 2022. “Associations Between Social Media Engagement and Vaccine Hesitancy.” Journal of Community Health 47: 577–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-022-01081-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-022-01081-9

Apuke, Oberiri Destiny, and Bahiyah Omar. 2020. “Modelling the Antecedent Factors That Affect Online Fake News Sharing on COVID-19: The Moderating Role of Fake News Knowledge.” Health Education Research 35 (5): 490–503. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyaa030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyaa030

Baruah, Trisha Dowerah. 2012. “Effectiveness of Social Media as a Tool of Communication and Its Potential for Technology Enabled Connections: A Micro-Level Study.” International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 2 (5): 1–10. https://www.ijsrp.org/research_paper_may2012/ijsrp-may-2012-24.pdf.

Basak, Palash, Tanvir Abir, Abdullah Al Mamun, Noor Raihani Zainol, Mansura Khanam, Rashidul Haque, Abul Hasnat Milton, and Kingsley Emwinyore Agho. 2022. “A Global Study on the Correlates of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution.” Vaccines 10 (2): 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020266

Bercovici, Jeff. 2010. “Who Coined ‘Social Media’? Web Pioneers Compete for Credit.” Forbes, December 9, 2010. Accessed April 26, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2010/12/09/who-coined-social-media-web-pioneers-compete-for-credit/?sh=2eaad8da51d5.

Betsch, Cornelia, Frank Renkewitz, Tilmann Betsch, and Corina Ulshöfer. 2010. “The Influence of Vaccine-Critical Websites on Perceiving Vaccination Risks.” Journal of Health Psychology 15 (3): 446–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105309353647. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105309353647

Betsch, Cornelia, Noel T. Brewer, Pauline Brocard, Patrick Davies, Wolfgang Gaissmaier, Niels Haase, Julie Leask, Frank Renkewitz, Britta Renner, Valerie F. Reyna, Constanze Rossmann, Katharina Sachse, Alexander Schachinger, Michael Siegrist, and Marybelle Stryk. 2012. “Opportunities and Challenges of Web 2.0 for Vaccination Decisions.” Vaccine 30 (25): 3727–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.025

BroadbandSearch. 2022. “Average Daily Time Spent on Social Media.” Accessed April 26, 2022. https://www.broadbandsearch.net/blog/average-daily-time-on-social-media.

Brooks, Samantha, Rebecca K. Webster, Louise E. Smith, Lisa Woodland, Simon Wessely, Neil Greenberg, and Gideon James Rubin. 2020. “The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence.” The Lancet 395 (10227): 912–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8

Busari, Stephanie, and Bukola Adebayo. 2020. “Nigeria Records Chloroquine Poisoning after Trump Endorses It for Coronavirus Treatment.” CNN, March 23, 2020. Accessed April 26, 2022. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/23/africa/chloroquine-trump-nigeria-intl/index.html?ref=hvper.com.

Butter, Sarah, Emily McGlinchey, Emma Berry, Cherie Armour. 2022. “Psychological, Social, and Situational Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions: A Study of UK Key Workers and Non-Key Workers.” British Journal of Health Psychology 27 (1): 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12530

Capitant, Sylvie, and Marie-Soleil Frère. 2011. “Africa’s Media Landscapes: A Thematic Introduction.” Contemporary Africa 240 (4): 25–41. https://doi.org/10.3917/afco.240.0025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/afco.240.0025

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2021. “Social Listening and Monitoring Tools.” Accessed April 26, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/vaccinate-with-confidence/rca-guide/downloads/cdc_rca_guide_2021_tools_appendixe_sociallistening-monitoring-tools-508.pdf.

Chaffey, Dave. 2022. “Global Social Media Statistics Research Summary.” Smart Insights, August 22, 2022. Accessed March 25, 2022. 2021. https://www.smartinsights.com/social-media-marketing/social-media-strategy/new-global-social-media-research.

Chan, Albert Meng, Christopher Nickson, Jenny Rudolph, Andrew Lee, and Gavin Matthew Joynt. 2020. “Social Media for Rapid Knowledge Dissemination: Early Experience from the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Anaesthesia 75 (12): 1579–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15057. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15057

Desjardins, Renée. 2016. Translation and Social Media: In Theory. Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting. London: Palgrave Pivot. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52255-9_3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52255-9_3

Eysenbach, Gunther. 2002. “Infodemiology: The Epidemiology of (Mis)Information.” The American Journal of Medicine 113 (9): 763–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01473-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01473-0

Frysh, P. 2021. “Can Coronavirus Survive Heat?” WebMD, August 8, 2021. Accessed April 26, 2022. https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus-heat.

Georgieva, Kristalina, and Abebe Aemro Selassie. 2021. “IMF: 7 Steps to Speed up the COVID-19 Vaccine Effort in Sub-Saharan Africa.” World Economic Forum, July 1, 2021. Accessed April 8, 2022. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/sub-saharan-africa-we-need-to-act-now/.

Giustini, Dean, Syed Mustafa Ali, Matthew Fraser, and Maged Kamel Boulos. 2018. “Effective Uses of Social Media in Public Health and Medicine: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews.” Online Journal of Public Health Information 10 (2): e215. https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v10i2.8270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v10i2.8270

González-Padilla, Daniel, and Leonardo Tortolero-Blanco. 2020. “Social Media Influence in the COVID-19 Pandemic.” International Brazilian Journal of Urology 46 (Suppl 1): 120–24. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2020.s121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2020.s121

He, Leshui, Wen Zhou, Ming He, Xuanhua Nie, and Jun He. 2021. “Openness and COVID-19 Induced Xenophobia: The Roles of Trade and Migration in Sustainable Development.” PloS One 16 (4): e0249579. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249579. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249579

Huang, Chaolin, Yeming Wang, Xingwang Li, Lili Ren, Jianping Zhao, Yi Hu, Li Zhang, Guohui Fan, Jiuyang Xu, Xiaoying Gu, Zhenshun Cheng, Ting Yu, Jiaan Xia, Yuan Wei, Wenjuan Wu, Xuelei Xie, Wen Yin, Hui Li, Min Liu, Yan Xiao, Hong Gao, Li Guo, Jungang Xie, Guangfa Wang, Rongmeng Jiang, Zhancheng Gao, Qi Jin, Jianwei Wang, and Bin Cao. 2020. “Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China.” The Lancet 395 (10223): 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5

Jurkowitz, Mark, and Amy Mitchell. 2020. “Americans Who Primarily Get News through Social Media Are Least Likely to Follow COVID-19 Coverage, Most Likely to Report Seeing Made-Up News.” Pew Research Center, March 25, 2020. Accessed March 28, 2022. https://www.journalism.org/2020/03/25/americans-who-prima.

Kanekar, Amar, and Manoj Sharma. 2020. “Covid-19 and Mental Well-Being: Guidance on the Application of Behavioral and Positive Well-Being Strategies.” Healthcare 8 (3): 336. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030336

Kiereini, Douglas 2021. “Tracing History of KBC and Evolution of Broadcasting.” Business Daily, May 21, 2021. Accessed April 25, 2022. https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/society/tracing-kbc-and-evolution-of-broadcasting-3408050.

Kulke, Stephanie. 2020. “Social Media Contributes to Misinformation about COVID-19.” Northwestern Now, September 23, 2020. Accessed April 27, 2022. https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2020/09/social-media-contributes-to-misinformation-about-covid-19/.

The Lancet. 2020. “Editorial: The COVID-19 Infodemic.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 20 (8): 875. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30565-X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30565-X

Loembé, Massinga Marguerite, Akhona Tshangela, Stephanie Salyer, Jay Varma, Ahmed Ogwell Ouma, and John Nkengasong. 2020. “COVID-19 in Africa: The Spread and Response.” Nature Medicine 26: 996–1008. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0961-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0961-x

Loomba, Sahil, Alexandre de Figueiredo, Simon Piatek, Kristen de Graaf, and Heidi Larson. 2021. “Measuring the Impact of COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation on Vaccination Intent in the UK and USA.” Nature Human Behaviour 5 (3): 337–48. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1

Mendoza-Herrera, Kenny, Isabel Valero-Morales, Maria Ocampo-Granados, Hortensia Reyes-Morales, Fernanda Arce-Amaré, and Simón Barquera. 2020. “An Overview of Social Media Use in the Field of Public Health Nutrition: Benefits, Scope, Limitations, and a Latin American Experience.” Preventing Chronic Disease 17: 200047. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200047. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200047

Moazzen, Nasrin, Bahareh Imani, Mohammad Hassan Aelami, Nasrin Sadat Motevali Haghi, Hamid Reza Kianifar, Maryam Khoushkhui, and Hamid Ahanchian. 2020. “How to Boost Your Immune System against Coronavirus Infection?” Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery 8 (Suppl 1): 220–25. https://doi.org/10.22038/abjs.2020.47559.

Moulds, Josephine. 2020. “How the Threat of COVID-19 Is Affecting People across Africa.” World Economic Forum, May 6, 2020. Accessed April 25, 2022.” https://www.worldeconomicforum.org/Agenda/2020/05/Africa-Covid-19-Coronavirus-Pandemic-Food-Water-Perc/.

Mutanga, Murimo Bethel, Oswelled Ureke, and Tarirai Chani. 2021. “Social Media and the COVID-19: South African and Zimbabwean Netizens’ Response to a Pandemic.” Indonesian Journal of Information Systems 4 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.24002/ijis.v4i1.4338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24002/ijis.v4i1.4338

Mwai, Peter. 2021. “Covid-19 Vaccinations: African Nations Miss WHO Target.” BBC News, December 31, 2021. Accessed 27 April 27, 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/56100076.

Nan, Xiaoli, and Kelly Madden. 2012. “HPV Vaccine Information in the Blogosphere: How Positive and Negative Blogs Influence Vaccine-Related Risk Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behavioral Intentions.” Health Communication 27 (8): 829–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.661348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.661348

Neumann‑Böhme, Sebastian, Nirosha Elsem Varghese, Iryna Sabat, Pedro Pita Barros, Werner Brouwer, Job van Exel, Jonas Schreyögg, and Tom Stargardt. 2020. “Once We Have It, Will We Use It? A European Survey on Willingness to Be Vaccinated against COVID-19.” European Journal of Health Economics 21 (7): 977–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6

Nguyen, Minh Hao, Jonathan Gruber, Jaelle Fuchs, Will Marler, Amanda Hunsaker, and Eszter Hargittai. 2020. “Changes in Digital Communication during the COVID-19 Global Pandemic: Implications for Digital Inequality and Future Research.” Social Media + Society 6 (3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120948255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120948255

Obi-Ani, Ngozika, Chinenye Anikwenze, and Mathias Chukwudi Isiani. 2020. “Social Media and the Covid-19 Pandemic: Observations from Nigeria.” Cogent Arts and Humanities 7 (1): 1799483. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2020.179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2020.1799483

Okereke, Melody, Nelson Ashinedu Ukor, Lilian Muthoni Ngaruiya, Chikwe Mwansa, Samar Mohammed Alhaj, Isaac Olushola Ogunkola, Hadi Mohammed Jaber, Mashkur Abdulhamid Isa, Aniekan Ekpenyong, and Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno. 2021. “COVID-19 Misinformation and Infodemic in Rural Africa.” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104 (2): 453–56. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1488. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1488

Olaniyan, Akintola, and Ufuamo Akpojiv. 2021. “Transforming Communication, Social Media, Counter-Hegemony and the Struggle for the Soul of Nigeria.” In “Era or Error of Transformation? Assessing Afrocentric Attributes to Digitalization,” edited byBruce Mutsvairo, Massimo Ragnedda and Kristin Skare Orgeret, special issue, Information Communication and Society 24 (3): 422–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1804983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1863445

Osuagwu, Uchechukwu, Khathutshelo P. Mashige, Godwin Ovenseri-Ogbomo, Esther Awazzi Envuladu, Emmanuel Kwasi Abu, Chundung Asabe Miner, Chikasirimobi G. Timothy, Bernadine N. Ekpenyong, Raymond Langsi, Onyekachukwu M. Amiebenomo, Richard Oloruntoba, Piwuna Christopher Goson, Deborah Donald Charwe, Tanko Ishaya, and Kingsley E. Agho. 2022. “The Impact of Information Sources on COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa.” BMC Public Health 23 (1): 38. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1385351/v1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14972-2

Ovenseri-Ogbomo, Godwin, Tanko Ishaya, Uchechukwu Osuagwu, Emmanuel Abu, Obinna Nwaeze, Richard Oloruntoba, Bernadine Ekpenyong, Khathutshelo Mashige, Timothy Chikasirimobi, Raymond Langsi, Deborah Charwe, and Kingsley Agho. 2020. “Factors Associated with the Myth about 5G Network during COVID-19 Pandemic in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of Global Health Reports 4: e2020094. https://doi.org/10.29392/001c.17606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29392/001c.17606

Oxford Analytica. 2020a. “Misinformation Will Undermine Coronavirus Responses.” Expert Briefings. Accessed April 28, 2022. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/OXAN-DB250989/full/html.

Oxford Analytica. 2020b. “Tech May Curb Virus Profiteering, Not Disinformation.” Daily Brief, March 23, 2020. Updated August 20, 2020. Accessed April 28, 2022. https://www.emerald.com/Insight/Content/Doi/10.1108/OXAN-DB251502/Full/Html.

Pandya, Apurvakumar, and Pragya Lodha. 2021. “Social Connectedness, Excessive Screen Time during COVID-19 and Mental Health: A Review of Current Evidence.” Frontiers in Human Dynamics 3: 684137. https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.684137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.684137

Paul, Elise, Andrew Steptoe, and Daisy Fancourt. 2021. “Attitudes towards Vaccines and Intention to Vaccinate against COVID-19: Implications for Public Health Communications.” The Lancet Regional Health—Europe 1: 100012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2020.100012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2020.100012

Pérez-Escoda, Ana, Carlos Jiménez-Narros, Marta Perlado-Lamo-de-Espinosa, and Luis Miguel Pedrero-Esteban. 2020. “Social Networks’ Engagement during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain: Health Media vs. Healthcare Professionals.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (14): 5261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145261

Puri, Neha, Eric Coomes, Hourmazd Haghbayan, and Keith Gunaratne. 2020. “Social Media and Vaccine Hesitancy: New Updates for the Era of COVID-19 and Globalized Infectious Diseases.” Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics 16 (11): 2586–593. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1780846. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1780846

Reynolds, Sharon. 2021. “Lasting Immunity Found after Recovery from COVID-19.” National Institutes of Health, January 6, 2021. Accessed April 26, 2022. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/lasting-immunity-found-after-recovery-covid-19.

Sallam, Malik. 2021. “COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates.” Vaccines 9 (2): 160. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7920465/. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020160

Saxe Zerden, Lisa de, Brianna Lombardi, and Anne Jones. 2019. “Social Workers in Integrated Health Care: Improving Care throughout the Life Course.” Social Work in Health Care 58 (1): 142–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2019.1553934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2019.1553934

Shakya, Dhana Ratna, Suraj Bahadur Thapa, Sujit Kumar Kar, Vinita Sharma, Naoki Uchida, Miguel Reina Ortiz, Ghanashyam Chapagain, Chandra Kumar Poudel, and Pushpa Raj Bhattarai. 2020. “COVID-19 across Countries: Situation and Lessons for Pandemic Control.” Journal of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences 3 (1): 9–27. https://doi.org/10.3126/jbpkihs.v3i1.30311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jbpkihs.v3i1.30311

Shereen, Muhammad Adnan, Suliman Khan, Abeer Kazmi, Nadia Bashir, and Rabeea Siddique. 2020. “COVID-19 Infection: Origin, Transmission, and Characteristics of Human Coronaviruses.” Journal of Advanced Research 24: 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005

Siyum, Negussie. 2018. “Why Africa Remains Underdeveloped Despite Its Potential? Which Theory Can Help Africa to Develop?” Open Access Biostatistics and Bioinformatics 1 (2): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.31031/OABB.2018.01.000506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31031/OABB.2018.01.000506

Statcounter Global Stats. 2022. “Browser Market Share Worldwide: Dec 2021–Dec 2022.” Accessed April 1, 2022. 2022. https://gs.statcounter.com/.

Stats SA (Statistics South Africa). 2021. Mid-Year Population Estimates 2021. Statistical Release P0302. Pretoria: Stats SA. Accessed April 24, 2022. https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022021.pdf.

Tahir, Tariq. 2020. “5G Coronavirus Conspiracy Theorist Who Claimed to Be Vodafone Boss Is Revealed as a Preacher from Luton.” The Sun, April 24, 2020. Accessed April 10, 2022. https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/11476133/5g-coronavirus-conspiracy-theorist-vodafone%02preacher-luton.

Teye, Joseph. 2018. “Urbanisation and Migration in Africa.” Presented at the Expert Group Meeting, United Nations Headquarters in New York, November 1–2, 2018. Accessed 26 March 2022. https://www.coursehero.com/file/56887594/EGM-Joseph-Teye-pptpdf/.

Tsao, Shu-Feng, Helen Chen, Therese Tisseverasinghe, Yang Yang, Lianghua Li, and Zahid Butt. 2021. “What Social Media Told Us in the Time of COVID-19: A Scoping Review.” The Lancet Digital Health 3 (3): 175–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30315-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30315-0

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) South Africa. 2021. “The Truck: A COVID-19 Prevention Campaign on Wheels; On the Road to Slowing the Spread of COVID-19 in South Africa.” February 15, 2021. Accessed April 28, 2022. https://www.unicef.org/southafrica/research-and-reports/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/truck-covid-19-prevention-campaign-wheels.

Volkmer, Ingrid. 2021. Social Media and COVID-19: A Global Study of Digital Crisis Interaction among Gen Z and Millennials. Melbourne: University of Melbourne. https://doi.org/10.46580/124367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46580/124367

Wang, Manli, Ruiyuan Cao, Leike Zhang, Xinglou Yang, Jia Liu, Mingyue Xu, Shi Zhengli, Zhihong Hu, Wu Zhong Wu, and Gengfu Xiao. 2020. “Remdesivir and Chloroquine Effectively Inhibit the Recently Emerged Novel Coronavirus (2019-NCoV) in Vitro.” Cell Research 30 (3): 269–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282–0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0

Wasserman, Herman, and Dani Madrid-Morales. 2021. “Social Media Users in Kenya and SA Trust Science, But Still Share COVID-19 Hoaxes.” ENCA, April 11, 2021. Accessed April 28, 2022. https://www.enca.com/analysis/social-media-users-kenya-and-sa-trust-science-still-share-covid-19-hoaxes.

Weinstein, Emily. 2018. “The Social Media See-Saw: Positive and Negative Influences on Adolescents’ Affective Well-Being.” New Media and Society 20 (10): 3597–623. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818755634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818755634

Whiting, Anita, and David Williams. 2013. “Why People Use Social Media: A Uses and Gratifications Approach.” Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 16 (4): 362–69. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2013–0041. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2013-0041

WHO (World Health Organization). 2020a. “Advice for the Public: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19).” Last updated May 10, 2022. Accessed April 25, 2022. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public.

WHO (World Health Organization). 2020b. “Framework for Decision-Making: Implementation of Mass Vaccination Campaigns in the Context of COVID-19.” WHO Guidelines. Accessed April 27, 2022. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/framework-for-decision-making-implementation-of-mass-vaccination-campaign.

WHO (World Health Organization). 2020c. “Global Surveillance for Human Infection with Novel Coronavirus (‎2019-NCoV): Interim Guidance.” WHO, January 31, 2020. Accessed April 27, 2022. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330857.

WHO (World Health Organization). 2020d. “Studies Show Hydroxychloroquine Does Not Have Clinical Benefits in Treating COVID-19.” Accessed April 26, 2022. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters.

WHO (World Health Organization). 2020e. “WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard.” Accessed April 26, 2022. https://covid19.who.int/.

WHO (World Health Organization). 2020f. “WHO Launches a Chatbot on Facebook Messenger to Combat COVID-19 Misinformation.” WHO, April 15, 2020. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/who-launches-a-chatbot-powered-facebook-messenger-to-combat-covid-19-misinformation.

WHO (World Health Organization). 2021a. “Fighting Misinformation in the Time of COVID-19, One Click at a Time.” WHO, April 27, 2021. Accessed April 27, 2022. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/fighting-misinformation-in-the-time-of-covid-19-one-click-at-a-time.

WHO (World Health Organization). 2021b. “Strategy to Achieve Global Covid-19 Vaccination by Mid-2022.” WHO, October 6, 2021. Accessed May 5, 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/strategy-to-achieve-global-covid-19-vaccination-by-mid-2022.

Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Jill Ryan, Anelisa Jaca, Oumarou Batouré, Blanche Philomene Melanga Anya, and Sara Cooper. 2022. “Vaccine Hesitancy in the Era of COVID-19: Could Lessons from the Past Help in Divining the Future?” Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics 18 (1): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1893062. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1893062

Worldometer. 2022. “COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic.” Last updated January 14, 2023. Accessed April 6, 2022. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/.

Xiao, Yan, and Zayang Fan. 2020. “COVID-19: 10 Technology Trends Getting Us through the Pandemic.” Accessed May 3, 2022. World Economic Forum, April 27, 2020. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/10-technology-trends-coronavirus-covid19-pandemic-robotics-telehealth/.

Yas, Harith, Ahmad Jusoh, Dalia Streimikiene, Abbas Mardani, Khalil Nor, Alatawi Abeer, and Jameela Hanoon Umarlebbe. 2021. “The Negative Role of Social Media during the COVID-19 Outbreak.” International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 16 (2): 219–28. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160202

Zhang, Shuai, Wenjing Pian, Feicheng Ma, Zhenni Ni, and Yunmei Liu. 2021. “Characterizing the COVID-19 Infodemic on Chinese Social Media: Exploratory Study.” JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7 (2): e26090. https://doi.org/10.2196/26090. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/26090

Published

2023-04-03

How to Cite

Rukasha, Ivy. 2022. “The Double-Edged Sword Effect of Social Media on COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa”. Commonwealth Youth and Development 20 (1):22 pages . https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6549/11252.

Issue

Section

Articles
Received 2022-05-08
Accepted 2022-11-22
Published 2023-04-03