Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Youth in South Africa: A Narrative Review

Authors

  • Janice Moodley University of South Africa
  • Seth Oppong University of Botswana

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6549/11586

Keywords:

Covid-19, public health, South Africa, youth, vaccine hesitancy

Abstract

Vaccine hesitancy emerged as a highly contentious public health concern during the Covid-19 pandemic. Despite the pandemic becoming endemic, a proactive reflection on vaccine hesitancy among youth in South Africa is essential for understanding this cohort’s vaccine behaviours for informing future public health interventions. Using a narrative review, we explore existing literature on vaccine hesitancy among youth in South Africa. We highlight existing literature on youth vaccine hesitancy using international and local research studies. This was necessary since our findings showed that there is a dearth of evidenced-based literature that has explored vaccine hesitancy among youth in the South African context. This review was challenged by the different age ranges that were used to define youth in different research studies. We conclude with recommendations for mitigating vaccine hesitancy in South African youth.

References

Abramovich, Alex, Nelson Pang, Sharumathy Kunasekaran, Amanda Moss, Tara Kiran, and Andrew D. Pinto. 2022. “Examining Covid-19 Vaccine Uptake and Attitudes among 2SLGBTQ+ Youth Experiencing Homelessness.” BMC Public Health 22 (1): 1–12. https://link.springer.com/article. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12537-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12537-x

Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Matilda Aberese-Ako, Phidelia Theresa Doegah, Mustapha Immurana, Maxwel Ayindenaba Dalaba, Alfred Kwesi Manyeh, Desmond Klu, Evelyn Acquah, Evelyn Korkor Ansah, and Margaret Gyapong. 2021. “Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among the Adult Population in Ghana: Evidence from a Pre-vaccination Rollout Survey.” Tropical Medicine and Health 49 (1): 1–13. https://tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-021-00357-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-021-00357-5

Allington, Daniel, Siobhan McAndrew, Vivienne Moxham-Hall, and Bobby Duffy. 2021.“Coronavirus Conspiracy Suspicions, General Vaccine Attitudes, Trust and Coronavirus Information Source as Predictors of Vaccine Hesitancy among UK Residents during the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Psychological Medicine: 1–12. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/coronavirus-conspiracy-suspicions-general-vaccine-attitudes-trust-and-coronavirus-information-source-as-predictors-of-vaccine-hesitancy-among-uk-residents-during-the-Covid19-pandemic/FEC34AA0D1972E3A761C784A39D26536. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721001434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721001434

Álvarez-Iglesias, Alejandra, Emily Garman, and Crick Lund. 2021. “Effects of Covid-19 on the Economy and Mental Health of Young People in South Africa: Opportunities for Strengthening Social Protection Programmes by Integrating Mental Health.” South African Journal of Psychology 51 (2): 199–204. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full. https://doi.org/10.1177/00812463211015348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00812463211015348

Arede, Margarida, Maria Bravo-Araya, Émilie Bouchard, Gurlal Singh Gill, Valerie Plajer, Adiba Shehraj, and Yassir Adam Shuaib. 2019. “Combating Vaccine Hesitancy: Teaching the Next Generation to Navigate through the Post Truth Era.” Frontiers in Public Health 6: 381. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00381

Bell, Jennifer, and Michelle Condren. 2016. “Communication Strategies for Empowering and Protecting Children.” The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 21 (2): 176–184. https://meridian.allenpress.com/jppt/article/21/2/176/81132/Communication-Strategies-for-Empowering. https://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.2.176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.2.176

Biancolella, Michela, Vito Luigi Colona, Ruty Mehrian-Shai, Jessica Lee Watt, Lucio Luzzatto, Giuseppe Novelli, and Juergen KV Reichardt. 2022. “Covid-19 2022 Update: Transition of the Pandemic to the Endemic Phase.” Human Genomics 16 (1): 1–12. https://link.springer.com/article. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-022-00392-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-022-00392-1

Bolatov, Aidos K., Telman Z. Seisembekov, Altynay Zh Askarova, and Dainius Pavalkis. 2021. “Barriers to Covid-19 Vaccination among Medical Students in Kazakhstan: Development, Validation, and Use of a New Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale.” Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics 17 (12): 4982–4992. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1982280. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1982280

Botwe, Benard Ohene, William Kwadwo Antwi, Jennifer Amponsem Adusei, Raphael Nicholas Mayeden, Theophilus N. Akudjedu, and Seyram Derick Sule. 2022. “Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Concerns: Findings from a Ghana clinical Radiography Workforce Survey.” Radiography 28 (2): 537–544. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1078817421001498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2021.09.015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2021.09.015

Burger, Ronelle, Timothy Köhler, Aleksandra M. Golos, Alison M. Buttenheim, René English, Michele Tameris, and Brendan Maughan-Brown. 2022. “Longitudinal Changes in Covid-19 Vaccination Intent among South African Adults: Evidence from the NIDS-CRAM Panel Survey, February to May 2021.” BMC Public Health 22 (1): 1–10. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12826-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12826-5

Colizzi, Marco, Antonio Lasalvia, and Mirella Ruggeri. 2020. “Prevention and Early Intervention in Youth Mental Health: Is it Time for a Multidisciplinary and Trans-diagnostic Model for Care?” International Journal of Mental Health Systems 14 (1): 1–14. https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-020-00356-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-020-00356-9

Cooper, S., H. van Rooyen, and C. S. Wiysonge. 2021. “Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in South Africa: How Can we Maximize Uptake of Covid-19 Vaccines?” Expert Review of Vaccines 20 (8): 921–933. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2021.1949291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2021.1949291

De Albuquerque Veloso Machado, Matilde, Bjelle Roberts, Brian Li Han Wong, and Robin van Kessel. 2021. “The Relationship between the Covid-19 Pandemic and Vaccine Hesitancy: A Scoping Review.” Frontiers in Public Health: 1370. file:///C:fpubh-09-747787%20(3).pdf. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.747787. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.747787

De Miquel, Carlota, Joan Domènech-Abella, Mireia Felez-Nobrega, Paula Cristóbal-Narváez, Philippe Mortier, Gemma Vilagut, Jordi Alonso, Beatriz Olaya, and Josep Maria Haro. 2022. “The Mental Health of Employees with Job Loss and Income Loss during the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Perceived Financial Stress.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (6): 3158. https://www.mdpi.com. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063158

Duby, Zoe, Brittany Bunce, Chantal Fowler, Kate Bergh, Kim Jonas, Janan Janine Dietrich, Darshini Govindasamy, Caroline Kuo, and Catherine Mathews. 2022. “Intersections between Covid-19 and Socio-economic Mental Health Stressors in the Lives of South African Adolescent Girls and Young Women.” Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 16 (1): 1–16. https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00457-y. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00457-y

Engelbrecht, Michelle, Christo Heunis, and Gladys Kigozi. 2022. “Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in South Africa: Lessons for Future Pandemics.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (11): 6694. https://www.mdpi.com. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116694

Farré, Lídia, Francesco Fasani, and Hannes Mueller. 2018. “Feeling Useless: The Effect of Unemployment on Mental Health in the Great Recession.” IZA Journal of Labor Economics 7 (1): 1–34. https://link.springer.com/article. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40172-018-0068-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40172-018-0068-5

Feinberg, Mark, Emily Hotez, Kevin Roy, Christy JW Ledford, Amy B. Lewin, Norma Perez-Brena, Saltanat Childress, and Jerica M. Berge. 2022. “Family Health Development: A Theoretical Framework.” Pediatrics 149 (5). https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/149/Supplement%205/e2021053509I/186914/Family-Health-Development-A-Theoretical-Framework. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-053509I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-053509I

Fournier-Tombs, Eleonore, Massamba Diouf, Abdine Maiga, Sylvain Faye, Tidiane Ndoye, Lalla Haidara, Moussa Batchily, and Celine Castets-Renard. 2021. “Covid-19 Vaccine Perceptions in Senegal and in Mali: A Mixed Approach.” medRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org/content. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.06.21264664. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.06.21264664

Gittings, Lesley, Elona Toska, Sally Medley, Lucie Cluver, Carmen H. Logie, Nokubonga Ralayo, Jenny Chen, and Jane Mbithi-Dikgole. 2021. “‘Now my Life is Stuck!’: Experiences of Adolescents and Young People during Covid-19 Lockdown in South Africa.” Global Public Health 16 (6): 947–963. https://www.tandfonline.com. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2021.1899262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2021.1899262

Griffiths, Daniel, Luke Sheehan, Caryn van Vreden, Dennis Petrie, Genevieve Grant, Peter Whiteford, Malcolm R. Sim, and Alex Collie. 2021. “The Impact of Work Loss on Mental and Physical Health during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Baseline Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study.” Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 31 (3): 455–462. https://link.springer.com/article. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-021-09958-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-021-09958-7

Hatala, Andrew, Maryam Chloé Pervaiz, Richard Handley, and Tara Vijayan. 2022. “Faith Based Dialogue Can Tackle Vaccine Hesitancy and Build Trust.” BMJ 376. https://www.bmj.com. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o823. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o823

Heinrich, Carolyn J., John Hoddinott, and Michael Samson. 2017. “Reducing Adolescent Risky Behaviors in a High-risk Context: The Effects of Unconditional Cash Transfers in South Africa.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 65 (4): 619–652. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full. https://doi.org/10.1086/691552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/691552

Hu, Ben, Hua Guo, Peng Zhou, and Zheng-Li Shi. 2021. “Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and Covid-19.” Nature Reviews Microbiology 19 (3): 141–154. https://www.nature.com/articles. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7

Katoto, Patrick DMC, Saahier Parker, Nancy Coulson, Nirvana Pillay, Sara Cooper, Anelisa Jaca, Edison Mavundza et al. 2022. “Predictors of Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in South African Local Communities: The VaxScenes Study.” Vaccines 10 (3): 353. https://www.mdpi.com. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030353

Kahn, Kathleen, Audrey Pettifor, Palesa Mataboge, Nicole K. Kelly, Duduzile P. Mashinini, Harish Nair, Harry Campbell, Cheryl Cohen, F. Xavier Gómez-Olivé, and Stephen Tollman. 2022. “Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Rural South Africa: Deepening Understanding to Increase Uptake and Access.” Journal of Global Health 12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9107307/. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.05013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.05013

Kenu, Ernest, Joseph Frimpong, and Kwadwo Koram. 2020. “Responding to the Covid-19 Pandemic in Ghana.” Ghana Medical Journal 54 (2): 72–73. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/gmj/article/view/199198. https://doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v54i2.1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v54i2.1

Kibongani Volet, Annie, Cristina Scavone, Daniel Catalán-Matamoros, and Annalisa Capuano. 2022. “Vaccine Hesitancy among Religious Groups: Reasons Underlying this Phenomenon and Communication Strategies to Rebuild Trust.” Frontiers in Public Health: 127. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.824560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.824560

Kim, Bora, and Kate White. 2018. “How Can Health Professionals Enhance Interpersonal Communication with Adolescents and Young Adults to Improve Health Care Outcomes? Systematic Literature Review.” International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 23 (2): 198–218. https://www.tandfonline.com. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2017.1330696. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2017.1330696

Khosa, Languta A., Johanna C. Meyer, Feni M. M. Motshwane, Carine Dochez, and Rosemary J. Burnett. 2022. “Vaccine Hesitancy Drives Low Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Coverage in Girls Attending Public Schools in South Africa.” Frontiers in Public Health 10). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9171038/. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.860809. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.860809

Khuzwayo, Nelisiwe, Myra Taylor, and Catherine Connolly. 2020. “Changing Youth Behaviour in South Africa.” Health South Africa Gesondheid 25 (1). https://www.ajol.info/index.php/hsa/article/view/214644. https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v25i0.1031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v25i0.1031

Liang, Leilei, Hui Ren, Ruilin Cao, Yueyang Hu, Zeying Qin, Chuanen Li, and Songli Mei. 2020. “The Effect of Covid-19 on Youth Mental Health.” Psychiatric Quarterly 91 (3): 841–852. https://link.springer.com/article. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09744-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09744-3

Li, Mingshuang, Qianqian Liu, Dan Wu, Lin Tang, Xiaoqi Wang, Tingting Yan, Zhijie An et al. 2022. “Association of Covid-19 Vaccination and Clinical Severity of Patients Infected with Delta or Omicron Variants—China, May 21, 2021–February 28, 2022.” China Centers for Disease Control Weekly 4 (14): 293. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9008265/. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2022.074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2022.074

MacDonald, Noni E. 2015. “Vaccine Hesitancy: Definition, Scope and Determinants.” Vaccine 33 (34): 4161–4164. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X15005009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036

McDowell, Cillian P., Matthew P. Herring, Jeni Lansing, Cassandra Brower, and Jacob D. Meyer. 2020. “Working from Home and Job Loss due to the Covid-19 Pandemic Are Associated with Greater Time in Sedentary Behaviors.” Frontiers in Public Health 8: 597619. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.597619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.597619

Modise, Alfred Motalenyane. 2021. “Negotiating a Covid-19 Prevention Strategy with the Family: Youth Perspectives in a Rural Setting in South Africa.” Commonwealth Youth and Development 19 (1): 15. https://journals.co.za. https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6549/8046. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6549/8046

Moola, Sabihah. 2021. “Covid-19 in South Africa and its Impact on Youth: The Media’s Representation of the 2020 Super-spreader Matric Rage Festival.” Commonwealth Youth and Development 19: 1. https://journals.co.za. https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6549/10031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6549/10031

Mudiriza, Gibson, and Ariane De Lannoy. 2020. “Youth Emotional Well-being during the Covid-19-related Lockdown in South Africa.” (Working paper no. 268). SALDRU. https://www.opensaldru.uct.ac.za/handle/11090/991.

Padmanabhanunni, Anita, and Tyrone Brian Pretorius. 2021. “The Unbearable Loneliness of Covid-19: Covid-19-Related Correlates of Loneliness in South Africa in Young Adults.” Psychiatry Research 296: 113658. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165178120333199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113658. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113658

Posel, Dorrit, Adeola Oyenubi, and Umakrishnan Kollamparambil. 2021. “Job Loss and Mental Health during the Covid-19 Lockdown: Evidence from South Africa.” PloS one 16 (3): e0249352. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249352

Puri, Neha, Eric A. Coomes, Hourmazd Haghbayan, and Keith Gunaratne. 2020. “Social Media and Vaccine Hesitancy: New Updates for the Era of Covid-19 and Globalized Infectious Diseases.” Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics 16 (11): 2586–2593. https://www.tandfonline.com. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1780846. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1780846

Rehati, Palizhati, Nubiya Amaerjiang, Liping Yang, Huidi Xiao, Menglong Li, Jiawulan Zunong, Long Wang, Sten H. Vermund, and Yifei Hu. 2022. “Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Adolescents: Cross-sectional School Survey in Four Chinese Cities Prior to Vaccine Availability.” Vaccines 10 (3): 452. https://www.mdpi.com. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030452

Republic of South African Department of Health. “Latest Vaccine Statistics.” Covid-19 Online Resource and News Portal. June 22, 2022. https://sacoronavirus.co.za/latest-vaccine-statistics/.

Riad, Abanoub, Yi Huang, Huthaifa Abdulqader, Mariana Morgado, Silvi Domnori, Michal Koščík, José João Mendes, Miloslav Klugar, Elham Kateeb, and IADS-SCORE. 2021. “Universal Predictors of Dental Students’ Attitudes towards Covid-19 Vaccination: Machine Learning-based Approach.” Vaccines 9 (10): 1158. https://www.mdpi.com. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101158

Roldan de Jong, Tamara. 2021. “Rapid Review: Perceptions of Covid-19 Vaccines in South Africa.” Social Science in Humanitarian Action (SSHAP). https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/16549. https://doi.org/10.19088/SSHAP.2021.021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19088/SSHAP.2021.021

Shen, Shixin Cindy, and Vinita Dubey. 2019. “Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy: Clinical Guidance for Primary Care Physicians Working with Parents.” Canadian Family Physician 65 (3): 175–181. https://www.cfp.ca/content/65/3/175.short.

Singh, Chandramani, Bijaya Nanda Naik, Sanjay Pandey, Bijit Biswas, Binod Kumar Pati, Manisha Verma, and Prabhat Kumar Singh. 2021. “Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccine in Preventing Infection and Disease Severity: A Case-Control Study from an Eastern State of India.” Epidemiology and Infection 149. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/effectiveness-of-covid19-vaccine-in-preventing-infection-and-disease-severity-a-casecontrol-study-from-an-eastern-state-of-india/6CAAA68CE4E8340FD66EA316DD04A233. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268821002247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268821002247

Ssentongo, Paddy, Anna E. Ssentongo, Navya Voleti, Destin Groff, Ashley Sun, Djibril M. Ba, Jonathan Nunez, Leslie J. Parent, Vernon M. Chinchilli, and Catharine I. Paules. 2022. “SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Effectiveness against Infection, Symptomatic and Severe Covid-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” BMC Infectious Diseases 22 (1): 1–12. https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07418-y. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07418-y

Tan, Rayner Kay Jin, Ralph Mpofu, Pradheep Kay, Darien Sebastian, Djordje Novakovic, Ying-Ru Jacqueline Lo, and Joseph D. Tucker. 2022. “Audio Innovation and Songs to Spur Change in Global Health: Evidence from a National Crowdsourcing Open Call for Youth Social Innovation in Malaysia.” BMJ Innovations: bmjinnov-2021. https://innovations.bmj.com/content/early/2022/06/01/bmjinnov-2021-000905.abstract.

Wang, Jingyi, Brynmor Lloyd-Evans, Domenico Giacco, Rebecca Forsyth, Cynthia Nebo, Farhana Mann, and Sonia Johnson. 2017. “Social Isolation in Mental Health: A Conceptual and Methodological Review.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 52 (12): 1451–1461. https://link.springer.com/article. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1446-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1446-1

Willis, Don E., Jessica Presley, Mark Williams, Nickolas Zaller, and Pearl A. McElfish. 2021. “Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Youth.” Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics 17 (12): 5013–5015. https://www.tandfonline.com. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1989923. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1989923

Wiysonge, Charles S., Samuel M. Alobwede, Patrick de Marie C Katoto, Elvis B. Kidzeru, Evelyn N. Lumngwena, Sara Cooper, Rene Goliath, Amanda Jackson, and Muki S. Shey. 2022. “Covid-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy among Healthcare Workers in South Africa.” Expert Review of Vaccines 2 (4): 549–559. https://www.tandfonline.com. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2022.2023355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2022.2023355

Published

2023-04-03

How to Cite

Moodley, Janice, and Seth Oppong. 2022. “Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Youth in South Africa: A Narrative Review”. Commonwealth Youth and Development 20 (1):14 pages . https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6549/11586.

Issue

Section

Articles
Received 2022-06-27
Accepted 2022-11-21
Published 2023-04-03