The Family as Black Nationalism: Cosmopolitan Archetypes in Black Popular Township Television Films

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6549/8626

Keywords:

genocide, popular films, Black Nationalism, post-apartheid South Africa, ethnicity, tribalism

Abstract

The apartheid regime conspired to advance black ethnic divisions to facilitate the homelands and diminish the threat of black people to South Africa. From 1994, the democratic dispensation has engaged in various nation-building attempts to solidify a united South Africa that is multicultural and multilingual in conjunction with a progressive Constitution. Popular township films by Ekasi: Our Stories and Lokshin Bioskop have ventured into this arena which was the forte of the South African Broadcasting Corporation, to engage in storylines that encourage nation-building. In this article, I argue that popular films have emerged to represent cosmopolitan tropes that galvanise Black Nationalism. Also, the films engage negative black tribal stereotypes that, if not attended to, could result in black disunity. It can also be argued that the latter has been a stimulant for African conflicts, occasionally causing genocides. This article explores the role popular films play in conveying a nation-building narrative that sustains Black Nationalism and reconciliation in post-apartheid South Africa.

References

Barber, K. 1987. “Popular Arts in Africa.” African Studies Review 30 (3): 1–78. https://doi.org/10.2307/524538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/524538

Barnard, I. 2006. “The Language of Multiculturalism in South African Soaps and Sitcoms.” Journal of Multicultural Discourses 1 (1): 39–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10382040608668531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10382040608668531

Blanton, R., T. D. Mason, and B. Athow. 2001. “Colonial Style and Post-Colonial Ethnic Conflict in Africa.” Journal of Peace Research 38 (4): 473–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343301038004005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343301038004005

Comaroff, J., and J. Comaroff. 2004. “Policing Culture, Cultural Policing: Law and Social Order in Postcolonial South Africa.” Law and Social Inquiry 29 (3): 513–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2004.tb00999.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2004.tb00999.x

Clapham, C. 1985. Third World Politics: An Introduction. London: Croom Helm.

DAC (Department of Arts and Culture). 2020. “What Is Unity in Diversity?” Accessed August 5, 2018. http://www.dac.gov.za/content/14-what-unity-diversity.

Ellis, S. 1998. “The Historical Significance of South Africa’s Third Force.” Journal of Southern African Studies 24 (2): 261–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057079808708577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057079808708577

Horowitz, D. L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Keller, B. 1994. “South African TV Drama Angers Zulu Party.” The New York Times, August 1, 1994. Accessed July 7, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/01/world/south-african-tv-drama-angers-zulu-party.html.

Kunene, M. 1984. Emperor Shaka the Great: A Zulu Epic. London: Heinemann.

Louw, P. E. 2004. “Anglicising Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 25 (4): 318–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630408666535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630408666535

Macmillan Dictionary. n.d. “Tribalism.” Accessed July 7, 2021. https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/tribalism.

Maingard, J. 2007. South African National Cinema. London: Routledge.

McNeill, F. G. 2016. “‘Original Venda Hustler’: Symbols, Generational Difference and the Construction of Ethnicity in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Anthropology Southern Africa 39 (3): 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2016.1209725. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2016.1209725

Minaar, A., M. Wentzel, and C. Payze. 1998. “Witch Killing with Specific Reference to the Northern Province of South Africa.” In Violence in South Africa: A Variety of Perspectives, edited by E. Bornman, R. van Eeden and M. Wentzel 175–99. Johannesburg: HSRC Press.

Moshoetsi, M. I. 2016. Black People and the Five Pillars: A Beginners Level. Johannesburg: Partridge Africa.

Nixon, R. 1997. “Of Balkans and Bantusans: Ethnic Cleansing and the Crisis of National Legitimation.” In Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation, and Postcolonial Perspectives, edited by A. McClintock, A. Mufti, and E. Shohat, 69–88. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Paleker, G. 2010. “The B-Scheme Subsidy and the ‘Black Film Industry’ in Apartheid South Africa, 1972–1990.” Journal of African Cultural Studies 22 (1): 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696810903488629. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13696810903488629

Petrus, T. 2011. “Defining Witchcraft-Related Crime in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.” International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 3 (1): 1–8.

Rubinoff, A. G. 2000. “The Multilateral Implications of Ethno-Nationalist Violence in South Asia.” South Asian Survey 7 (2): 273–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/097152310000700209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/097152310000700209

SAHO (South African History Online). n.d. “Boipatong Massacre—17 June 1992.” Accessed January 15, 2019. https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/boipatong-massacre-17-june-1992.

Sematimba, A. 2020. “Apartheid: A Genocide and Crime Against Humanity.” Modern Ghana, February 25, 2020. Accessed August 10, 2020. https://www.modernghana.com/news/986198/apartheid-a-genocide-and-crime-against-humanity.html.

Simpson, J. G. R. 2012. “Boipatong: The Politics of a Massacre and the South African Transition.” Journal of Southern African Studies 38 (3): 623–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2012.711674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2012.711674

Smith, A. D. 1981. “War and Ethnicity: The Role of Warfare in the Formation, Self‐Images and Cohesion of Ethnic Communities.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 4 (4): 375–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1981.9993347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1981.9993347

Solanas, F., and O. Getino. 1976. “Towards a Third Cinema.” In Movies and Methods, Vol. 1, edited by B. Nichols, 44–64. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Welsh, D. 1993. “Domestic Politics and Ethnic Conflict.” Survival 35 (1): 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396339308442674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00396339308442674

Wilson, H. S. 1994. African Decolonization. London: Edward Arnold.

Filmography

Molusi, F., dir. 2013. Battle of House. Blak2wrk Productions for DSTV Lokshin Bioskop. Johannesburg, South Africa.

Sotobe, S., dir. 2015. Iqiniso [The Truth]. Sobabili Films for ETV Ekasi: Our Stories. Johannesburg, South Africa.

Silver, S., dir. 2010. The Bang Bang Club. Foundry Films, Instinctive Film and Out of Africa Entertainment for Paramount Pictures. Johannesburg, South Africa.

Tilly, B., dir. 1994. The Line. Afravision for the South African Broadcasting Corporation. Johannesburg, South Africa.

Published

2023-04-03

How to Cite

Selekane, Nkosinathi Leonard. 2022. “The Family As Black Nationalism: Cosmopolitan Archetypes in Black Popular Township Television Films”. Commonwealth Youth and Development 20 (1):13 pages . https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6549/8626.

Issue

Section

Articles
Received 2020-11-05
Accepted 2021-06-13
Published 2023-04-03