Local Government Internship and Youth Graduate Employability: Perspectives of Interns, Mentors and HR Managers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6549/9946Keywords:
education, employability, graduates, internship, unemployment, youthAbstract
In this article, I explore the relationship between the internship programme and the prospects for youth graduate employability as perceived by interns, mentors and HR managers. Unemployment, particularly youth graduate unemployment, is a major development problem. It is worrying that unemployment continues to grow despite major interventions. Among other interventions to overcome youth graduate unemployment was an internship programme established to provide graduates with work experience meant to improve their employability. However, it remains controversial whether graduate internship increases employability prospects of the youth. In this article, I seek to solve this puzzle. A total of 50 semi-structured interviews were conducted with graduate interns and staff members of the eThekwini Municipality in South Africa to elicit data. The results indicate that internship is not always the key to employability and youth graduates often require more than just internship experience to secure employment. In this article, I therefore recommend better internship planning and development. This could improve the role of the internship in graduates’ transition to employment.
References
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Akiri, D. S. E., R. I. Okunakpo, and H. A. Anebi-Atede. 2016. “Impact of Graduate Unemployment on the Economic Growth of the Nigerian Economy.” International Journal of Advanced Academic Research 2 (3): 1–16.
Akomolafe, C. O., and O. A. Adegun. 2009. “Strategies of Managing Higher Education for Youth Labour Market in Nigeria.” International NGO Journal 4 (10): 456–66.
Altman, M. 2003. “The State of Employment and Unemployment in South Africa.” In State of the Nation: South Africa, 158–183.
Aminu, A. 2019. “Characterising Graduate Unemployment in Nigeria as Education-Job Mismatch Problem.” African Journal of Economic Review 7 (2): 113–30.
Ampong, E. 2020. “Graduate Unemployment in Ghana: Challenges and Workable Strategies.” International Journal of Research Publications 57 (1): 108–29. https://doi.org/10.47119/IJRP100571720201344.
Andrews, J., and H. Higson. 2008. “Graduate Employability, ‘Soft Skills’ Versus ‘Hard’ Business Knowledge: A European Study.” Higher Education in Europe 33 (4): 411–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/03797720802522627.
Arcidiacono, D. 2014. “Post-Graduation Internship between Exploitation and Training: A Research on the Italian Experience.” In Atiner’s 8th Annual International Conference on Sociology, 5–15. Atiner.
Asmare, Y., and M. Mulatie. 2014. “A Tale of Youth Graduates Unemployment.” Global Journal of Human Social Science 14 (4): 46–51.
Bai, L. 2006. “Graduate Unemployment: Dilemmas and Challenges in China’s Move to Mass Higher Education.” China Quarterly 185: 128–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741006000087.
Baldry, K. 2016. “Graduate Unemployment in South Africa: Social Inequality Reproduced.” Journal of Education and Work 29 (7): 788–812. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2015.1066928.
Balwanz, D. 2012. “Youth Skills Development, Informal Employment and the Enabling Environment in Kenya: Trends and Tensions.” Journal of International Cooperation in Education 15 (2): 69–91.
Baron-Puda, M. 2017. “Improving Graduate Employability through Internship Programs.” Barometr Regionalny 1 (47): 107–14.
Bhorat, H., A. Cassim, and D. Tseng. 2016. “Higher Education, Employment and Economic Growth: Exploring the Interactions.” Development Southern Africa 33 (3): 312–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2016.1161501.
Blackwell, A., L. Bowes, L. Harvey, A. J. Hesketh, and P. T. Knight. 2001. “Transforming Work Experience in Higher Education.” British Educational Research Journal 27 (3): 269–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920120048304.
Borg, J., and C. M. Scott-Young. 2020. “Priming the Project Talent Pipeline: Examining Work Readiness in Undergraduate Project Management Degree Programs.” Project Management Journal 51 (2): 165–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972820904220.
Caballero, C. L., A. Walker, and M. Fuller-Tyszkiewicz. 2011. “The Work Readiness Scale (WRS): Developing a Measure to Assess Work Readiness in College Graduates.” Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability 2 (1): 41–54.
Cabellero, C. L., and A. Walker. 2010. “Work Readiness in Graduate Recruitment and Selection: A Review of Current Assessment Methods.” Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability 1 (1): 13–25. https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2011vol2no1art552.
Cairns, D., K. Growiec, and N. de Almeida Alves. 2014. “Another ‘Missing Middle’? The Marginalised Majority of Tertiary-Educated Youth in Portugal during the Economic Crisis.” Journal of Youth Studies 17 (8): 1046–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2013.878789.
Caroleo, F. E., and F. Pastore. 2017. “Investing in Human Capital to Boost Growth (No. 135).” IZA Policy Paper.
Cerulli-Harms, A. 2017. “Generation Internship: The Impact of Internships on Early Labour Market Performance.” IZA Discussion Paper No. 11163. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3081396.
Dagume, M. A., and A. Gyekye. 2016. “Determinants of Youth Unemployment in South Africa: Evidence from the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province.” Environmental Economics 7 (4): 59–67. https://doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(4).2016.06.
Dinira, L., and D. C. Natalia. 2018. “Lecturer Internship Program in Industry to Provide Real Work Experience for University Students.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Technology, Education and Social Sciences.
Diraditsile, K., and P. Maphula. 2018. “Entrepreneurship as a Mechanism for Addressing Youth Unemployment in Botswana: A Reality of Idealism?” International Journal of Development and Sustainability 7 (3): 836–47.
Du Toit, R. 2003. “Unemployed Youth in South Africa: The Distressed Generation?” Paper presented at the Minnesota International Counseling Institute, 27 July–1 August. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11910/8247.
Fuchadzhi, Y. 2016. “Internships and Students’ Future Employability.” Master’s thesis, Eastern Mediterranean University.
Gebisa, D. A., and N. G. Etana. 2019. “Determinants of Graduate Youth Unemployment.” International Journal of Islamic Business and Economics 3 (2): 90–103. https://doi.org/10.28918/ijibec.v3i2.1573.
Graham, L., L. Williams, and C. Chisoro. 2019. “Barriers to the Labour Market for Unemployed Graduates in South Africa.” Journal of Education and Work 32 (4): 360–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2019.1620924.
Harms, V. E. 2015. “Destined or Doomed? Hungarian Dissidents and Their Western Friends, 1973–1998.” PhD dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.
Harry, T., W. T. Chinyamurindi, and T. Mjoli. 2018. “Perceptions of Factors that Affect Employability amongst a Sample of Final-Year Students at a Rural South African University.” SA Journal of Industrial Psychology 44 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v44i0.1510.
Jamil, A., U. Kareem, M. A. Atta, M. H. Rehman, M. Y. Khan, and T. Jan. 2012. “Perspectives of University Graduates about Benefits of National Internship Program and the Perceived Impact of its Discontinuation.” International Journal of Learning and Development 2 (5): 175–81. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v2i5.2449.
Kapareliotis, I., K. Voutsina, and A. Patsiotis. 2019. “Internship and Employability Prospects: Assessing Student’s Work Readiness.” Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning 9 (4): 538–49. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-08-2018-0086.
Kumar, R., and T. Raj. 2019. “Role of Entrepreneurship in Boosting Economic Growth and Employment in India.” Small Enterprises Development, Management and Extension Journal 46 (4): 273–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0970846419894750
Longe, O. 2017. “Graduate Unemployment in Nigeria: Causes, Consequences and Remediable Approaches.” American International Journal of Contemporary Research 7 (4): 63–73.
Lowden, K., S. Hall, D. Elliot, and J. Lewin. 2011. Employers’ Perceptions of the Employability Skills of New Graduates. London: Edge Foundation.
Mago, S. 2014. “Urban Youth Unemployment in Africa: Whither Socio-Economic Problems.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5 (9): 33.
Mason, G., G. Williams, and S. Cranmer. 2009. “Employability Skills Initiatives in Higher Education: What Effects Do They Have on Graduate Labour Market Outcomes?” Education Economics 17 (1): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290802028315.
Matthew, O., D. E. Ufua, T. Olawande, and O. D. Edafe. 2020. “Addressing Unemployment Challenge through Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs): Evidence from Nigeria.” Problems and Perspectives in Management 18 (2): 79. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(2).2020.08.
Nattrass, N. 2002. “Unemployment, Employment and Labour-Force Participation in Khayelitsha/Mitchell’s Plain.” Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town.
Nonyana, J. Z., and P. M. Njuho. 2018. “Modelling the Length of Time Spent in an Unemployment State in South Africa.” South African Journal of Science 114 (11–12): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2018/4313.
Prikshat, V., S. Kumar, and A. Nankervis. 2019. “Work-Readiness Integrated Competence Model: Conceptualisation and Scale Development.” Education+ Training 61 (5). https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-05-2018-0114.
Sharma, G. D., and M. D. Apte. 1976. “Graduate Unemployment in India.” Economic and Political Weekly 20 (4): 411–28.
Small, T. B., and E. E. Obioha. 2014. “Crime and Youth Unemployment in the Cato Manor Policing Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5 (23): 2318. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p2318.
Spanjaard, D., T. Hall, and N. Stegemann. 2018. “Experiential Learning: Helping Students to Become ‘Career-Ready’.” Australasian Marketing Journal 26 (2): 163–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2018.04.003.
Supraptono, E., M. Samsudi, I. M. Sudana, and M. Burhan. 2018. “The Analysis of Collaboration Needs between Vocational Schools and Industry in Internship Based on the Alignment of Graduates’ Competence.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Science and Education and Technology 2018 (ISET 2018). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/iset-18.2018.23.
Tengku Kamarul Bahrim, T. A. I., H. I. Hassan Azahari, N. A. A. Zulkarnal, N. A. Sallehhudin, and R. Mohd Yusop. 2019. “High Rate of Unemployment among Graduates in Malaysia.” Journal of Media and Society 3: 1–15.
Tomlinson, M. 2017. “Introduction: Graduate Employability in Context: Charting a Complex, Contested and Multi-Faceted Policy and Research Field.” In Graduate Employability in Context: Theory, Research and Debate, edited by M. Tomlinson and L. Holmes, 1–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57168-7.
Van Broekhuizen, H. 2016. “Graduate Unemployment and Higher Education Institutions in South Africa.” Bureau for Economic Research and Stellenbosch Economic Working Paper 08, 16.
Van Broekhuizen, H., and S. van der Berg. 2016. “How High is Graduate Unemployment in South Africa? A Much-Needed Update.” Econ 3: 3.
Wang, Y. F., and C. T. Tsai. 2014. “Employability of Hospitality Graduates: Student and Industry Perspectives.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Education 26 (3): 125–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2014.935221.
Yusuf, F. A., A. E. Okanlawon, and V. D. Metu. 2018. “Lecturers’ Perspectives on Enhancing University Graduates’ Employability in Nigeria.” Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences 13 (3): 400–7. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v13i3.3471.
Zhao, H., and R. C. Liden. 2011. “Internship: A Recruitment and Selection Perspective.” Journal of Applied Psychology 96 (1): 221. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021295.
Zopiatis, A. 2007. “Hospitality Internships in Cyprus: A Genuine Academic Experience or a Continuing Frustration?” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 19 (1): 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110710724170.
Akiri, D. S. E., R. I. Okunakpo, and H. A. Anebi-Atede. 2016. “Impact of Graduate Unemployment on the Economic Growth of the Nigerian Economy.” International Journal of Advanced Academic Research 2 (3): 1–16.
Akomolafe, C. O., and O. A. Adegun. 2009. “Strategies of Managing Higher Education for Youth Labour Market in Nigeria.” International NGO Journal 4 (10): 456–66.
Altman, M. 2003. “The State of Employment and Unemployment in South Africa.” In State of the Nation: South Africa, 158–183.
Aminu, A. 2019. “Characterising Graduate Unemployment in Nigeria as Education-Job Mismatch Problem.” African Journal of Economic Review 7 (2): 113–30.
Ampong, E. 2020. “Graduate Unemployment in Ghana: Challenges and Workable Strategies.” International Journal of Research Publications 57 (1): 108–29. https://doi.org/10.47119/IJRP100571720201344.
Andrews, J., and H. Higson. 2008. “Graduate Employability, ‘Soft Skills’ Versus ‘Hard’ Business Knowledge: A European Study.” Higher Education in Europe 33 (4): 411–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/03797720802522627.
Arcidiacono, D. 2014. “Post-Graduation Internship between Exploitation and Training: A Research on the Italian Experience.” In Atiner’s 8th Annual International Conference on Sociology, 5–15. Atiner.
Asmare, Y., and M. Mulatie. 2014. “A Tale of Youth Graduates Unemployment.” Global Journal of Human Social Science 14 (4): 46–51.
Bai, L. 2006. “Graduate Unemployment: Dilemmas and Challenges in China’s Move to Mass Higher Education.” China Quarterly 185: 128–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741006000087.
Baldry, K. 2016. “Graduate Unemployment in South Africa: Social Inequality Reproduced.” Journal of Education and Work 29 (7): 788–812. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2015.1066928.
Balwanz, D. 2012. “Youth Skills Development, Informal Employment and the Enabling Environment in Kenya: Trends and Tensions.” Journal of International Cooperation in Education 15 (2): 69–91.
Baron-Puda, M. 2017. “Improving Graduate Employability through Internship Programs.” Barometr Regionalny 1 (47): 107–14.
Bhorat, H., A. Cassim, and D. Tseng. 2016. “Higher Education, Employment and Economic Growth: Exploring the Interactions.” Development Southern Africa 33 (3): 312–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2016.1161501.
Blackwell, A., L. Bowes, L. Harvey, A. J. Hesketh, and P. T. Knight. 2001. “Transforming Work Experience in Higher Education.” British Educational Research Journal 27 (3): 269–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920120048304.
Borg, J., and C. M. Scott-Young. 2020. “Priming the Project Talent Pipeline: Examining Work Readiness in Undergraduate Project Management Degree Programs.” Project Management Journal 51 (2): 165–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972820904220.
Caballero, C. L., A. Walker, and M. Fuller-Tyszkiewicz. 2011. “The Work Readiness Scale (WRS): Developing a Measure to Assess Work Readiness in College Graduates.” Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability 2 (1): 41–54.
Cabellero, C. L., and A. Walker. 2010. “Work Readiness in Graduate Recruitment and Selection: A Review of Current Assessment Methods.” Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability 1 (1): 13–25. https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2011vol2no1art552.
Cairns, D., K. Growiec, and N. de Almeida Alves. 2014. “Another ‘Missing Middle’? The Marginalised Majority of Tertiary-Educated Youth in Portugal during the Economic Crisis.” Journal of Youth Studies 17 (8): 1046–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2013.878789.
Caroleo, F. E., and F. Pastore. 2017. “Investing in Human Capital to Boost Growth (No. 135).” IZA Policy Paper.
Cerulli-Harms, A. 2017. “Generation Internship: The Impact of Internships on Early Labour Market Performance.” IZA Discussion Paper No. 11163. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3081396.
Dagume, M. A., and A. Gyekye. 2016. “Determinants of Youth Unemployment in South Africa: Evidence from the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province.” Environmental Economics 7 (4): 59–67. https://doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(4).2016.06.
Dinira, L., and D. C. Natalia. 2018. “Lecturer Internship Program in Industry to Provide Real Work Experience for University Students.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Technology, Education and Social Sciences.
Diraditsile, K., and P. Maphula. 2018. “Entrepreneurship as a Mechanism for Addressing Youth Unemployment in Botswana: A Reality of Idealism?” International Journal of Development and Sustainability 7 (3): 836–47.
Du Toit, R. 2003. “Unemployed Youth in South Africa: The Distressed Generation?” Paper presented at the Minnesota International Counseling Institute, 27 July–1 August. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11910/8247.
Fuchadzhi, Y. 2016. “Internships and Students’ Future Employability.” Master’s thesis, Eastern Mediterranean University.
Gebisa, D. A., and N. G. Etana. 2019. “Determinants of Graduate Youth Unemployment.” International Journal of Islamic Business and Economics 3 (2): 90–103. https://doi.org/10.28918/ijibec.v3i2.1573.
Graham, L., L. Williams, and C. Chisoro. 2019. “Barriers to the Labour Market for Unemployed Graduates in South Africa.” Journal of Education and Work 32 (4): 360–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2019.1620924.
Harms, V. E. 2015. “Destined or Doomed? Hungarian Dissidents and Their Western Friends, 1973–1998.” PhD dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.
Harry, T., W. T. Chinyamurindi, and T. Mjoli. 2018. “Perceptions of Factors that Affect Employability amongst a Sample of Final-Year Students at a Rural South African University.” SA Journal of Industrial Psychology 44 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v44i0.1510.
Jamil, A., U. Kareem, M. A. Atta, M. H. Rehman, M. Y. Khan, and T. Jan. 2012. “Perspectives of University Graduates about Benefits of National Internship Program and the Perceived Impact of its Discontinuation.” International Journal of Learning and Development 2 (5): 175–81. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v2i5.2449.
Kapareliotis, I., K. Voutsina, and A. Patsiotis. 2019. “Internship and Employability Prospects: Assessing Student’s Work Readiness.” Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning 9 (4): 538–49. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-08-2018-0086.
Kumar, R., and T. Raj. 2019. “Role of Entrepreneurship in Boosting Economic Growth and Employment in India.” Small Enterprises Development, Management and Extension Journal 46 (4): 273–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0970846419894750
Longe, O. 2017. “Graduate Unemployment in Nigeria: Causes, Consequences and Remediable Approaches.” American International Journal of Contemporary Research 7 (4): 63–73.
Lowden, K., S. Hall, D. Elliot, and J. Lewin. 2011. Employers’ Perceptions of the Employability Skills of New Graduates. London: Edge Foundation.
Mago, S. 2014. “Urban Youth Unemployment in Africa: Whither Socio-Economic Problems.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5 (9): 33.
Mason, G., G. Williams, and S. Cranmer. 2009. “Employability Skills Initiatives in Higher Education: What Effects Do They Have on Graduate Labour Market Outcomes?” Education Economics 17 (1): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290802028315.
Matthew, O., D. E. Ufua, T. Olawande, and O. D. Edafe. 2020. “Addressing Unemployment Challenge through Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs): Evidence from Nigeria.” Problems and Perspectives in Management 18 (2): 79. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(2).2020.08.
Nattrass, N. 2002. “Unemployment, Employment and Labour-Force Participation in Khayelitsha/Mitchell’s Plain.” Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town.
Nonyana, J. Z., and P. M. Njuho. 2018. “Modelling the Length of Time Spent in an Unemployment State in South Africa.” South African Journal of Science 114 (11–12): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2018/4313.
Prikshat, V., S. Kumar, and A. Nankervis. 2019. “Work-Readiness Integrated Competence Model: Conceptualisation and Scale Development.” Education+ Training 61 (5). https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-05-2018-0114.
Sharma, G. D., and M. D. Apte. 1976. “Graduate Unemployment in India.” Economic and Political Weekly 20 (4): 411–28.
Small, T. B., and E. E. Obioha. 2014. “Crime and Youth Unemployment in the Cato Manor Policing Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5 (23): 2318. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p2318.
Spanjaard, D., T. Hall, and N. Stegemann. 2018. “Experiential Learning: Helping Students to Become ‘Career-Ready’.” Australasian Marketing Journal 26 (2): 163–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2018.04.003.
Supraptono, E., M. Samsudi, I. M. Sudana, and M. Burhan. 2018. “The Analysis of Collaboration Needs between Vocational Schools and Industry in Internship Based on the Alignment of Graduates’ Competence.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Science and Education and Technology 2018 (ISET 2018). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/iset-18.2018.23.
Tengku Kamarul Bahrim, T. A. I., H. I. Hassan Azahari, N. A. A. Zulkarnal, N. A. Sallehhudin, and R. Mohd Yusop. 2019. “High Rate of Unemployment among Graduates in Malaysia.” Journal of Media and Society 3: 1–15.
Tomlinson, M. 2017. “Introduction: Graduate Employability in Context: Charting a Complex, Contested and Multi-Faceted Policy and Research Field.” In Graduate Employability in Context: Theory, Research and Debate, edited by M. Tomlinson and L. Holmes, 1–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57168-7.
Van Broekhuizen, H. 2016. “Graduate Unemployment and Higher Education Institutions in South Africa.” Bureau for Economic Research and Stellenbosch Economic Working Paper 08, 16.
Van Broekhuizen, H., and S. van der Berg. 2016. “How High is Graduate Unemployment in South Africa? A Much-Needed Update.” Econ 3: 3.
Wang, Y. F., and C. T. Tsai. 2014. “Employability of Hospitality Graduates: Student and Industry Perspectives.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Education 26 (3): 125–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2014.935221.
Yusuf, F. A., A. E. Okanlawon, and V. D. Metu. 2018. “Lecturers’ Perspectives on Enhancing University Graduates’ Employability in Nigeria.” Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences 13 (3): 400–7. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v13i3.3471.
Zhao, H., and R. C. Liden. 2011. “Internship: A Recruitment and Selection Perspective.” Journal of Applied Psychology 96 (1): 221. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021295.
Zopiatis, A. 2007. “Hospitality Internships in Cyprus: A Genuine Academic Experience or a Continuing Frustration?” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 19 (1): 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110710724170.
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2022-05-24
How to Cite
Mseleku, Zethembe. 2022. “Local Government Internship and Youth Graduate Employability: Perspectives of Interns, Mentors and HR Managers”. Commonwealth Youth and Development 19 (2):16 pages. https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6549/9946.
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