A Decolonial Reading of Herero/Nama Genocide Novels of Namibia: Literature as Archive
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6565/17380Keywords:
Key words, Loci of enunciation, Anthropos, Humanitas, decolonialityAbstract
The Herero/Nama Genocide marks a painful but forgotten period in the history of Namibia. Six novels, a memoir, and two collections of survivor narratives about this period present the history of genocide. This paper examines the first four novels, Mama Namibia (2016) by Marie Serebrov, The Scattering (2018) by Lauri Kubuitsele, The Lie of the Land by Jasper Utley, and The Weeping Graves of Our Ancestors by Rukee Tjingaete to extend the colonial archive by the inclusion of imaginative and historical narratives for knowledge production around genocide. Using the decolonial approach, I identify the loci of enunciation to throw light on the narratives of genocide. I am not interested in the literary merit of the novels, rather, my main submission is that all four are to be read contrapuntally with other historical documents to gain a greater understanding of the colonial violence and issues around it. There is a need to balance or use historical and literary sources to reveal alternative genocide narratives.
References
Anderson, B. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Baer, E. 2018. The Genocidal Gaze. Windhoek: UNAM Press.
Becker, H. 2004. "Narratives of War and Survival from Northern Namibia: The Liberation War in Post Colonial Namibian Literature." In Telling Wounds Narrative, Trauma and Memory, edited by C. van de Merwe and R., Wolfswinkel, 214-233. Cape Town: Content Solutions.
Bhabha, HK. 1994. The Location of Culture London: Routledge.
Bhambra GK. 2014. "Postcolonial and Decolonial Dialogues." Postcolonial Studies 17(2): 115-121.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2014.966414 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2014.966414
Biwa, M. 2017. "Afterlives of Genocide Return of Bodies from Berlin to Windhoek." In Memory and Genocide on What Remains and the Possibility of Representation, edited by F., Moradi, R., Buchenhorst, and M., Six-Hohenbalken, 91-106. New York: Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315594897-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315594897-7
Butler, J. 2006. Precarious Life. London. New York: Verso.
Connerton, P. 1989. How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511628061
Dussel, E. 1995. "Eurocentricism and Modernity (Introduction to the Frankfurt Lectures)." In The Postmodernism Debate in Latin America, edited by J., Beverley, J., ' Oviedo, and M. Aronna, 65-77, Durham: Duke University Press.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1220hbk.8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1220hbk.8
Ekandjo, J. 2014. "Speech by Namibian Minister of Youth, National Service, Sport and Culture, On the Occasion of the Handover of 21 Human Remains of Namibian Origin." Charité Medical University, Berlin, March 5. http://genocide-namibia.net/wp-content/ uploads/2015/01/Speech-Hon.-Ekandjo.pdf
Fanon, F. 1961. The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Grove Press.
Gruzinski, S. 1999. La Pense'e Me'tisse. Paris: Fayard.
Halbwach, M. 1924. "Social Framework for Memory." (Preface) In On Collective Memory, edited and translated by L. Cooser, 1-37. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Huntington, S. 2004. The Hispanic Challenge. New York: Simon and Schuster.
https://doi.org/10.2307/4147547 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4147547
Koessler, R. 2017. Namibia and Germany: Negotiating the Past. Windhoek: UNAM Press.
Krishnamurthy, S. "Resisting Colonisation and Colonising Resistance: The Writer As a Historical Witness in Two Namibian Novels: The Scattering by Lauri Kubuitsile and Mama Namibia by Maria Serebrov." Research in African Genocide 1(1) 30-47.
Kubuitsele, L. 2016. The Scattering. Cape Town: Penguin Random House.
Lemkin, R. 1947. "Genocide As a Crime under International Law." American Journal of International Law 41(1), 145-151.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0002930000085948 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0002930000085948
Ludden, D. 2002. Reading Subaltern Studies: Critical History, Contested Meaning and the Globalization of South Asia. London: Anthem Press.
Lugones, M. 2007. "Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System." Hypatia 22(1): 186-209.
https://doi.org/10.1353/hyp.2006.0067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hyp.2006.0067
Mamdani, M. 2019. "Amnesty or Impunity? A Preliminary Critique of the Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (TRC)." Diacritics 32 (3): 33-59. https://muse.jhu.edu/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dia.2005.0005
Mignolo, W. 2002. "The Geopolitics of Knowledge and the Colonial Difference." South Atlantic Quarterly 101(1): 57-96.
https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-101-1-57 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-101-1-57
Mignolo, W. 2009. "Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and De-Colonial Freedom." Theory, Culture and Society 26(7-8): 1-23.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409349275 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409349275
Moradi, F 2019. "Untranslatable Death, Evidentiary Bodies: After-Auschwitz and Murambi-in Translation." Critical Studies Journal. http://www.criticalstudies.org.uk/uploads/2/6/0/7/26079602/moradi-untranslatable_death_evidentiary_bodies.pdf
Ndebele, N. 1998. "Memory, Metaphor and the Triumph of the Narrative." In Negotiating the Past, The Making of Memory in South Africa, edited by S., Nutall and C., Coetzee, 19-28, Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
Niezen, R. 2018. "Speaking for the Dead: The Memorial Politics of Genocide in Namibia and Germany." International Journal of Heritage Studies 24(5):547-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2017.1413681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2017.1413681
Olusoga, D. and Casper, W. E. 2011. The Kaiser's Holocaust Germany's Forgotten Genocide. London: Faber & Faber.
Perivi, K (ed). 2011. The Journey of the Herero and Nama Skulls. Film (DVD) Namibia: United Publications.
Quijano, A. 2007. "Coloniality and Modernity/Rationality." Cultural Studies 21(2): 168-178.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601164353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601164353
Said, E.W. 1995. Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient. London: Penguin.
Said, E.W. 1988. "Foreword" in Selected Subaltern Studies, edited by R., Guha and G. C., Spivak, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sarkar, S. 2002. "The Decline of the Subaltern in Subaltern Studies." In Reading Subaltern Studies: Critical History, Contested Meaning and the Globalization of South Asia, edited by D., Ludden, 401-429. London: Anthem Press.
Serebrov, M. 2013. Mama Namibia. Windhoek: Wordweaver Publishing House.
Sharrad, P. 1995. "Art of Memory and the Liberation of History." Callaloo 18.1: 94-108.
https://doi.org/10.1353/cal.1995.0016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/cal.1995.0016
Spivak, G.C. 1988. "Can the Subaltern Speak?" In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. edited by C., Nelson and C., Lawrence, 271-313, Grossberg.Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Spivak, G.C. 1988. "Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography." In Selected Subaltern Studies, edited by R., Guha and G.C., Spivak, 3-34. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tjingaetee, R. 2017. The Weeping Graves of Our Ancestors Windhoek: Lexnet Publishing House.
Utley, J. 2018. The Lie of the Land. Windhoek: UNAM Press.
Zimmer, J and Zeller, J. 2008. Genocide in German South-West Africa The Colonial War of 1904-1908 and its Aftermath, transl by E.J. Neather, Monmouth: The Merlin Press.