PHILIPS, John Edward. Causes of the Jihad of Usman Ɗan Fodio : a historiographical review. Journal for Islamic Studies, [S. l.], v. 36, n. 1, p. 18–58, 2023. DOI: 10.25159/2957-9163/13992. Disponível em: https://unisapressjournals.co.za/index.php/JIS/article/view/13992. Acesso em: 15 nov. 2025.