Textual Criticism, Literary Criticism, and State Capture: Returning 3 Reigns 12:24p–t to the Canon of Local African Communities

LXXSA

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6573/13518

Keywords:

3 Reigns, African, canonical, Kings, Septuagint, state capture

Abstract

This article begins by considering the relationship between textual variants and the canonical text, arguing for a fuller presence of significant variant readings alongside the canonical text, in line with contemporary textual critical scholarship and their associated eclectic critical editions. Alongside such eclectic critical editions and their appropriation within Bible translation, this article suggests that a community-based approach like Contextual Bible Study could be used to return significant and relevant variants to ordinary African readers and hearers of the Bible. The article argues that LXX 3 Reigns 12:24p–t is such a significant and relevant textual variant, offering as it does a remarkable resonance with contemporary South African concerns about state capture. The article analyses 24p–t as a significant textual variant in text critical terms, as significant narrative literature in its own right, as a coherent economic narrative analysis concerning the cause of the division of the united monarchy, and as a potential resource for Contextual Bible Study work within the contemporary South African context of state capture.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Boer, Roland. 1996. Jameson and Jeroboam. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

Boer, Roland. 2007. “The Sacred Economy of Ancient ‘Israel’.” Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament: An international Journal of Nordic Theology 21 (1): 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/09018320601170965 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09018320601170965

Boesak, Allan Aubrey. 2017. Pharaohs on Both Sides of the Blood-Red Waters: Prophetic Critique on Empire: Resistance, Justice, and the Power of the Hopeful Sizwe—A Transatlantic Conversation. Eugene: Cascade Books.

Brett, Mark G. 2019. Locations of God: Political Theology in the Hebrew Bible. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190060237.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190060237.001.0001

Carman, Jon-Michael. 2019. “Abimelech the Manly Man? Judges 9.1–57 and the Performance of Hegemonic Masculinity.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 43 (3): 301–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309089217720620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309089217720620

Connell, R. W., and James W. Messerschmidt. 2005. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept.” Gender & Society 19 (6): 829–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639

Cook, Johann. 2017. “A Theology of the Septuagint?” Old Testament Essays 30 (2): 265–82. https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2017/v30n2a5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2017/v30n2a5

Cook, Johann, and Hermann-Josef Stipp. 2012. Text-Critical and Hermeneutical Studies in the Septuagint. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004241732 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004241732

Croucamp, Petrus. 2019. “A Theoretical Exposition of State Capture as a Means of State Formation: The Case of South Africa.” Problems and Perspectives in Management 17 (4): 289. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(4).2019.24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(4).2019.24

Dassah, Maurice O. 2018. “Theoretical Analysis of State Capture and its Manifestation as a Governance Problem in South Africa.” TD: The Journal For Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 14 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/td.v14i1.473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/td.v14i1.473

De Gruchy, John W. 1986. “The Church and the Struggle For South Africa.” Theology Today 43 (2): 229–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/004057368604300208 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004057368604300208

Esala, Nathan A. 2021. “Translation as invasion in Post-Colonial Northern Ghana.” PhD diss., University of Kwazulu-Natal.

February, Judith. 2019. “State Capture: An Entirely New Type of Corruption.” ISS Southern Africa Report 2019 (25): 1–16.

Gooding, David W. 1969. “Problems of Text and Midrash in the Third Book of Reigns.” Textus 7: 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1163/2589255X-00701002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/2589255X-00701002

Gottwald, Norman K. 1993. “How Does Social Scientific Criticism Shape Our Understanding of the Bible as a Resource for Economic Ethics?” In The Hebrew Bible in its Social World and in Ours, edited by Norman K. Gottwald, 341–47. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

Hermanson, Eric A. 2002. “A Brief Overview of Bible Translation in South Africa.” Acta Theologica Supplementum 2: 6–17.

IOSCS. 2022. “Critical Editions of Septuagint/Old Greek Texts.” The International Organization For Septuagint and Cognate Studies. Accessed 1 September 2023. https://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/ioscs/editions.html

Joseph, Stacey-Leigh. 2005. “Consolidating Democracy, Building Civil Society: The South African Council of Churches in Post-Apartheid South Africa and its Policy of Critical Solidarity With the State.” Master of Social Science diss., Rhodes University.

Kairos, Theologians. 1985. Challenge To the Church: A Theological Comment on the Political Crisis in South Africa: the Kairos Document. Braamfontein: The Kairos Theologians.

Kauhanen, Tuukka, Andrés Piquer Otero, Timo Tekoniemi, and Pablo A Torijano. 2021. “The Books of Kings.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint, edited by Alison G. Salvesen and Timothy Michael Law, 225–34. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665716.013.52 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665716.013.52

Kumalo, Simanga R. 2009. “‘The People Shall Govern’: The Role of the Church in the Development of Participatory Democracy in South Africa.” Scriptura 101 (1): 246–58. https://doi.org/10.7833/101-0-637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7833/101-0-637

Lemmelijn, Bénédicte. 2021. “Textual Criticism.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint, edited by Alison G. Salvesen and Timothy Michael Law, 708–21. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665716.013.43 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665716.013.43

Madonsela, Sanet. 2019. “Critical Reflections on State Capture in South Africa.” Insight on Africa 11 (1): 113–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087818805888 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087818805888

Martin, Michaela Elsbeth, and Hussein Solomon. 2016. “Understanding the Phenomenon of ‘State Capture’ in South Africa.” Southern African Peace and Security Studies 5 (1): 21–35.

Mbeki, Thabo. 2006. “4th Annual Nelson Mandela Lecture by President Thabo Mbeki: University of Witwatersrand, 29 July 2006.” Accessed 1 December 2022. http://www.dirco.gov.za/docs/speeches/2006/mbek0729.htm

Montgomery, James Alan. 1960. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Books of Kings. London: T & T Clark.

Mosala, Itumeleng J. 1989. Biblical Hermeneutics and Black Theology in South Africa. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

Myburgh, Pieter-Louis. 2017. The Republic of Gupta: A Story of State Capture. Cape Town: Penguin Random House South Africa.

Naudé, Jacobus A. 2011. “From Submissiveness to Agency: An Overview of Developments in Translation Studies and Some Implications For Language Practice in Africa.” Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 29 (3): 223–41. https://doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2011.647486 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2011.647486

Naudé, Jacobus A., and Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé. 2018. “Alterity, Orality and Performance in Bible Translation.” In Key Cultural Texts in Translation, edited by K. Malmkjaer, A. Serban, and F. Louwagie, 299–313. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.140.17nau DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.140.17nau

NCCC (National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States of America). 2021. New Revised Standard Version, Updated Edition. Washington: Friendship Press.

Pietersma, Albert, and Benjamin G. Wright. 2009. A New English Translation of the Septuagint. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rahlfs, Alfred, ed. 1935. Septuaginta: Id Est Vetus Testamentum Graece Iuxta LXX Interpretes. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.

Römer, Thomas. 2017. “How Jeroboam II became Jeroboam I.” Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel 6 (3): 372–82. https://doi.org/10.1628/219222717X15162808430810 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1628/219222717X15162808430810

Sands, Justin. 2018. “Introducing Cardinal Cardijn’s See–Judge–Act as an Interdisciplinary Method to Move Theory into Practice.” Religions 9 (129): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9040129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9040129

Schenker, Adrian. 2000. “Jeroboam and the Division of the Kingdom in the Ancient Septuagint: LXX 3 Kingdoms 12.24 A–Z, MT 1 Kings 11–12; 14 and the Deuteronomistic History.” In Israel Constructs its History: Deuteronomistic Historiography in Recent Research, edited by Albert De Pury, Thomas Römer, and Jean-Daniel Macchi, 214–57. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

Trebolle Barrera, Julio C. 2012. “Yahwe’s Spirit of Deceit: Textual Variants That Make A Difference (1 Kgs 22).” Revue De Qumran 25 (4): 635–75.

Trebolle Barrera, Julio C. 2013. “Textual Criticism: Hebrew Bible.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Biblical Interpretation, edited by Steven L. McKenzie, 363–71. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Turkanik, Andrzej S. 2008. Of Kings and Reigns: A Study of Translation Technique in the Gamma/Gamma Section of 3 Reigns (1 Kings). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. https://doi.org/10.1628/978-3-16-151128-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1628/978-3-16-151128-8

Van Keulen, Percy S. F. 2005. Two Versions of the Solomon Narrative: An inquiry into the Relationship between MT 1Kgs. 2–11 and LXX 3 Reg. 2–11. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements 104. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047405511_002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047405511_002

Wendland, Ernst R. 2000. “Contextualising Bible Reading in South-Central Africa: The Preparation of an Annotated Edition-With Special Reference to the Gospel of Luke in Chichewa.” Neotestamentica 34 (1): 143–72.

West, G. 2015. “Reading the Bible With the Marginalised: The Value/s of Contextual Bible Reading.” Stellenbosch Theological Journal 1 (2): 235–61. https://doi.org/10.17570/stj.2015.v1n2.a11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17570/stj.2015.v1n2.a11

West, G. 2016. The Stolen Bible: From Tool of Imperialism to African Icon. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004322783 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004322783

West, G. 2022. “In Search of an Economic Remnant of Resistance: 3 Reigns 12:24p–t.” HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 78 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i1.7440 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i1.7440

Wevers, John William, and Pieter Arie Hendrik De Boer. 1950. “Exegetical Principles Underlying the Septuagint Text of 1 Kings II, 12–XXI, 43.” Oudtestamentische Studie͏̈n (5): 300–22.

Wittenberg, Gunther H. 1988. “King Solomon and the Theologians.” Journal of Theology for Southern Africa 63: 16–29.

Wittenberg, Gunther H. 1991. “Job the Farmer: The Judean עם־הארץ and the Wisdom Movement.” Old Testament Essays 4: 151–70.

Wittenberg, Gunther H. 1995. “Wisdom Influences on Genesis 2–11: A Contribution to the Debate about the ‘Yahwistic’ Primeval History.” Old Testament Essays 8 (3): 439–57.

Zondo, Raymond M. M. 2022. Judicial Commission of Inquiry into State Capture Report. The Presidency. Accessed 2 September 2023. https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/report-type/judicial-commission-inquiry-state-capture-report

Published

2023-12-19

How to Cite

West, Gerald. 2023. “Textual Criticism, Literary Criticism, and State Capture: Returning 3 Reigns 12:24p–t to the Canon of Local African Communities: LXXSA”. Journal for Semitics 32 (2):18 pages . https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6573/13518.

Issue

Section

Articles
Received 2023-04-12
Accepted 2023-11-06
Published 2023-12-19