LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL AFFINITIES: THE CASE OF ARABIC AND ETHIOPIAN LANGUAGES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/2553Abstract
Multi-faceted relations between Ethiopia and South Arabia existed since the sixth century B.C. During the earlier phase, the Christian Ethiopians networked with their co-religionists. Later they interacted primarily with Muslim Arabs some of whom settled in Ethiopia either in search of religious sanctuary or for trade purposes. The Muslims entrenched themselves and established petty kingdoms between the ninth and fifteenth centuries C.E. Thereafter, they suffered huge reversals at the hands of their Christian compatriots who were assisted by the Portuguese colonial power. Over the last two centuries relations between these two religious groups suffered appreciably. Despite these mammoth problems, testimonies to the linguistic and cultural affinities between Ethiopia and Arabia are evident; illustrations of which are given in this article. They could be used as a springboard for improving relations between the two communities. The Ethiopian socio-political climate has improved since the installation of a new federal and democratically elected government. It behoves all relevant groups to grasp the mettle by doing more intensive and extensive research in topics like this one in order to trace commonalities between them.References
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Lane, E W 1984. Arabic-English lexicon. (Reproduction of 1863 original.) Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society.
Leslau, W 1958. Arabic loanwords in Ge’ez. Journal of Semitic Studies 3/2:146–168.
_______ 1990. Arabic loanwords in Ethiopian Semitic. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Loimeier, R 2004. Ahmad Ibn Ibrahim Al-Ghazi (1506–1543), in Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Available: http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3403500042/ahmad-ibn-ibrahim-al.html [Accessed 2016/08/10.]
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RiyÄdh, Z 1964. Al-Islam fÄ« IthyÅ«biyÄ fi l-á·¾Uṣūr al-Wusá¹Ä maá·¾a l-IhtimÄm bi wajh KhÄṣṣ bi á·¾AlÄqat al-MuslimÄ«n bi l-MasīḥiyyÄ«n. Cairo: DÄr al-Maá·¾rifah (published for the Centre of African Studies at Cairo University).
___________ 1966. Ta’rÄ«kh IthyÅ«biyÄ. Cairo: Maktabat al-Anjalo al-Miá¹£rÄ«yyah (published for
the Centre of African Studies at Cairo University).
Osman, G January 2005. Pre-Islamic converts to Christianity in Mecca and Medina, The Muslim World 95/1:67–80.
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Ä€l YÅ«suf, Muḥammad al-Ṭayyib 1996. IthiyawbiyÄ wa l-á·¾ArÅ«bah wa l-Islam á·¾abr al-Ta’rÄ«kh. Makkah: Al-Maktabat al-MakkÄ«yah.
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_______ 1998. An historical-anthropological approach to Islam in Ethiopia: issues of identity
and politics, Journal of African Cultural Studies 11/2:109–124.
Abir, M 1980. Ethiopia and the Red Sea. Abingdon, Oxon & New York: Frank Cass & Co.
Abdulsemed, M H 2015. IntishÄr al-Islam fi l-Ḥabashah: Ä€thÄruhu wa Ab á·¾Äduhu. Unpublished MA dissertation. Pretoria: Unisa.
Ahmed, El Amin Abdel Karim 2013. Habasha, Abyssinia and Ethiopia: Some Notes Concerning a Country’s Names and Images. Available: activities.uofk.edu/multisites/Uofk_activities/images/stories/activities/Humanities2013/papers/habasha.pdf. [Accessed 2015/10/27.]
Al-BaghdÄdÄ«, á·¾Abd al-QÄdir 1997. KhizÄnat al-Adab wa Lubb LubÄb LisÄn al-á·¾Arab (ed. á·¾Abd alSalÄm Muḥammad HÄrÅ«n). 4th edition. Cairo: Al-KhÄnjÄ«.
Al-BaihaqÄ« 1988. DalÄ’il al-Nubuwwah. Beirut: DÄr al-Kutub al-á·¾IlmÄ«yah.
Al-Baiá¹Är, á·¾A al-R n.d. Ḥilyat al-Bashar fi l-Qarn al-ThÄlith á·¾Ashar. Available: islamport.com/w/tkh/Web/388/111.htm. [Accessed 2015/12/03.]
Al-FayÄ, á·¾A al-Muná·¾im á·¾Ajab, 8 Jan. 2015. Madkhal ila l-WashÄij al-LughawÄ«yah bain al-HabashÄ«yah wa l- á·¾ArabÄ«yah. Available: http://lahajat.blogspot.com/2015/01/08/blogpost_438.html. [Accessed 2015/11/02.]
Al-ḤamawÄ«, Y 1993. Muá·¾jam al-UdabÄ’ (ed. IḥsÄn á·¾AbbÄs). Beirut: DÄr al-Gharb al-IslÄmÄ«.
Al-JÄḥiẓ n.d. Al-RasÄ’il al-SiyÄsÄ«yah. Beirut: Maktabat al-HilÄl.
_______ 1963. Fakhr al-SÅ«dÄn á·¾ala l-BÄ«á¸Än, in RasÄ’il al-JÄḥiẓ.
_______ 1963. RasÄ’il al-JÄḥiẓ. Cairo: Al-KhÄnjÄ«.
Al-JabartÄ«, á·¾A al-R 1998. á·¾AjÄ’ib al-Ä€thÄr fi l-TarÄjim wa l-AkhbÄr. Cairo: DÄr al-Kutub alMiá¹£rÄ«yyah.
Al-JÄ«zÄnÄ«, á·¾Abd al-Q 1971. Futūḥ al-Ḥabashah. Cairo: Al-Hai’at al-Miá¹£rÄ«yyat al-᷾Āmmah li lKitÄb.
Al-KailÄnÄ«, Shams al-DÄ«n, 2005. “Al-SÅ«dÄn wa l-Zanj fi l-ThaqÄfat al-á·¾ArabÄ«yyah: Al-Maá·¾ÄyÄ«r wa l-AḥkÄm†in Al-TasÄmuḥ, no. 15.
Al-Munjid, M á¹¢ n.d. Silsilat al-Adab al-IslÄmÄ«yah. Available: www.islamport.com/w/akh/Web/1601/461.htm. [Accessed 2015/12/02.]
Al-SuyÅ«á¹Ä«, J 1973. Al-ItqÄn fÄ« á·¾Ulum al-Qur’Äan. Beirut: Al-Maktabat al-ThqÄfÄ«yah.
_______ n.d. Rafá·¾Sha’n al-ḤabashÄn. Amman: University of Jordan (Manuscripts and 629 Documents Division, Serial Number 373).
Al-ṬanÄshÄ«, KhadÄ«jah 1996. Al-á·¾AlÄqÄt al-SiyÄsÄ«yyah bain al-Quwa l-IslÄmÄ«yyah wa lMasīḥīyyah fi l-Ḥabashah. Tripoli: Markaz DirÄsÄt JihÄd al-LÄ«biyÄ«n á¸idd al-Ghazwa l- Īá¹ÄlÄ«.
Al-ZarkashÄ«, Badr al-DÄ«n 1972. Al-BurhÄn fÄ« á·¾UlÅ«m al-Qur’Än. Beirut: DÄr al-Maá·¾rifah.
Anon., 27 December 2009. YÄ ShuhadÄ Taqá¹ur ( ا ÙŠ شهدا ... قطر ت ( Available: www.sudanyat.org/vb/archive/index .../t-12767.html. [Accessed 2015/12/03.]
Anon., n.d. Ayyuhunna Ajmal al-Mar’ah Al-Baiá¸Ä’ am Al-SamrÄ’ am Al-SaudÄ’. AlMuwaḥḥid al- á·¾ArabÄ«. Available: 4uarab.com/vb/threads/ixn-gml-almr-albida-malsamra-m-alsuda23493. [Accessed 2016/11/07]
Anon., n.d. Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi. Available: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrihim_al-Ghazi [Accessed 2016/08/02.]
Ansary, A R 1996. Arabia before Islam, in de Laet and Hermann 1996:139.
Arnold, T W 1965. The preaching of Islam. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf.
‘Abd al-ḤalÄ«m, Muḥammad Rajab 1983. Al-á·¾AlÄqÄt al-SiyÄsÄ«yyah bain MuslimÄ« Zailaá·¾wa Naá¹£Ära l-Ḥabashah fi l-á·¾Uṣūr al-Wusá¹Ä. Cairo: DÄr al-Nahá¸at alá·¾ArabÄ«yyah.
‘ĀbidÄ«n, á·¾Abd al-MajÄ«d n.d. Bain al-Ḥabashah wa l-á·¾Arab. Cairo: Quṣūr al-ThaqÄfah.
‘Al᷾ī, JawwÄd 2001. Al-Mufaṣṣal fÄ« Ta’rÄ«kh al-á·¾Arab qabl al-IslÄm. 4th edition. Beirut: DÄr alSÄqÄ«.
Craig, A M et. al. (eds.) 2009. The heritage of world civilizations. Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Pearson Prentice Hall Publishers.
Ḍaif, S 2009. Ta’rÄ«kh al-Adab al-á·¾ArabÄ«. Cairo: DÄr al-Maá·¾Ärif.
De Laet, S J and Hermann, J 1996. History of humanity from the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. Paris, London & New York: UNESCO.
Desplat, P and Østebø, T 2008. Muslim Ethiopia: the Christian legacy, identity politics and Islamic reformism. London: Palgrave.
Erlich, H 2013. Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Ethiopia. The messages of religions. 5th
Annual Levtzion Lecture, 2009. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Available: http://www.hum.huji.ac.il/upload/_FILE_1415823004.pdf&rct=j&frm=1&q=&esrc=s&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwiOnfiu27HOAhWCKcAKHTyFDtIQFgghMAI&usg=AFQjCNEWr-gtJTfl4bhFkw0ALBpG7KiDgQ. [Accessed 2016/08/06.]
Feener, R M & Sever, T (eds.) 2009. Islamic connections: Muslim societies in South and Southeast Asia. Institute of South East Asian Studies.
Ghaith, Fatḥī 1963. Al-Islam wa l-Ḥabashah á·¾abr al-Ta’rÄ«kh. Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahá¸ah.
Haile, G 2005. Ethiopian Church, in Jones 2005/5:2859-2862.
Heinrich, E n.d. Aksumite History. Available: http://www.earlheinrich.com/Ancient%2520Nubia/_Private/Aksum%2520ch%25204.pdf&rct=j&frm=1&q=&esrc=s&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwi6l46h4anOAhULCMAKHc2hC88QFggTMAA&usg=AFQjCNF4MGPnPufSwKn7Ek3ymag3jTxERw [Accessed 2016/08/01.]
Ibn HishÄm n.d. Al-SÄ«rat al-NabawÄ«yah. Available: www.almostafa.com.info/data/arabic/depot3/gap.php?file=i001288.pdf. [Accessed 2015/12/01.]
Ibn KathÄ«r 1987. Al-BidÄyah wa l-NihÄyah. Cairo: DÄr al-RayyÄn li l-TurÄth.
Wetter, A 31 May 2006. Arabic in Ethiopia. Available: www.academia.edu/2242457/Arabic_in_Ethiopia. [Accessed 2015/11/26.]
IbrÄhÄ«m, á·¾Abd al-á·¾AzÄ«z á·¾Abd al-GhanÄ« 1994. Ahl BilÄl JudhÅ«r al-IslÄm al-Ta’rÄ«khÄ«yah fi l- Ḥabashah. Khartoum: Al-DÄr al-SÅ«dÄnÄ«yah li l-Kutub.
JÄ«lÄnÄ«, A n.d. Lahjat al-TijrÄ« wa l-AbjadÄ«yat al-á·¾ArabÄ«yah. Available: http://modaina.com/arabic/tigre_and_arabic_alphabet.htm. [Accessed 2015/11/25.]
Jones, L (ed.) 2005. Encyclopedia of religion. (Ed. Lindsay Jones) (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale.
July, R W 1970. A history of the African people. London: Faber & Faber.
KashmÄ«m, G n.d. “Takhalluf al-MuslimÄ«n AkÄdÄ«mÄ«yan Yuẓhiruhum ka AqallÄ«yah†in á·¾UkÄẓ. Available: www.okaz.com.sa/article/292964/رأي ال] Accessed 2016/11/07].
Lane, E W 1984. Arabic-English lexicon. (Reproduction of 1863 original.) Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society.
Leslau, W 1958. Arabic loanwords in Ge’ez. Journal of Semitic Studies 3/2:146–168.
_______ 1990. Arabic loanwords in Ethiopian Semitic. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Loimeier, R 2004. Ahmad Ibn Ibrahim Al-Ghazi (1506–1543), in Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Available: http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3403500042/ahmad-ibn-ibrahim-al.html [Accessed 2016/08/10.]
Mazar, A 1992. Archeology of the land of the Bible, 10,000–586 B.C.E. New York: Doubleday.
Mekonnen, Y K (ed.) 2013. Ethiopia, the land, its people, history and culture. Dar es Salaam: New Africa Press.
Munro-Hay, S 1991. Aksum. An African civilization of late antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Parkhurst, S 1955. Ethiopia, a cultural history. Essex: Lalibela House.
RiyÄdh, Z 1964. Al-Islam fÄ« IthyÅ«biyÄ fi l-á·¾Uṣūr al-Wusá¹Ä maá·¾a l-IhtimÄm bi wajh KhÄṣṣ bi á·¾AlÄqat al-MuslimÄ«n bi l-MasīḥiyyÄ«n. Cairo: DÄr al-Maá·¾rifah (published for the Centre of African Studies at Cairo University).
___________ 1966. Ta’rÄ«kh IthyÅ«biyÄ. Cairo: Maktabat al-Anjalo al-Miá¹£rÄ«yyah (published for
the Centre of African Studies at Cairo University).
Osman, G January 2005. Pre-Islamic converts to Christianity in Mecca and Medina, The Muslim World 95/1:67–80.
Salt, H 1967. A voyage to Ethiopia. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
Sharaf al-DÄ«n, á·¾Abd Allah Khiá¸r 2014. Al-ThaqÄfatal-IslÄmÄ«yyah fi l-Ḥabashah. Istanbul: DÄr al-NidÄ’.
Yusuf Ali, A n.d. The Holy Qur’an: translation and commentary. Durban: IPCI (original published by Sh. Muhammad Ashraf of Lahore in 1939).
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2017-05-09
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Dadoo, Yousuf. 2017. “LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL AFFINITIES: THE CASE OF ARABIC AND ETHIOPIAN LANGUAGES”. Journal for Semitics 25 (2):700-725. https://doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/2553.
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