A Re-examination of Verb Agreement with Conjoined Subjects in Biblical Hebrew: SBL Annual Meeting 2020 Linguistics and Biblical Hebrew Seminar: Linguistic Variation in Biblical Hebrew

Jesse Scheumann

doi:10.25159/2663-6573/9295

Authors

Jesse Scheumann Sattler College, USA; University of the Free State, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2617-9980

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6573/9295

Keywords:

partial agreement, syntax, discourse analysis, R-expression, pro

Abstract

Partial agreement refers to sentences that have conjoined subjects but a singular verb. Although word order is commonly cited in the Biblical Hebrew literature as affecting partial agreement, there is no consensus regarding such an effect. This syntactic study of all clauses with a compound subject in Genesis–2 Kings reveals that a singular verb always agrees with the initial conjunct. The results are incorporated in a cross-linguistic typology of partial agreement. Other key results are that only a coordinate compound headed by an R-expression (rather than a pronoun) is a subject, and that partial agreement is the dominant pattern when the verb and first conjunct are contiguous. A two-step process of Agree—first in syntax and then in phonology—is able to produce the optional partial agreement patterns, laying a better foundation for future studies to analyse the semantic and discourse-analysis effects on verb agreement.

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