Incubate-Based Challenges and Deficiencies to Successful Business Incubation in Northern Cape, South Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/14164Keywords:
incubation, incubator services, entrepreneurial experience, entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial skills, Northern CapeAbstract
Background: Incubates are individuals who are start-up entrepreneurs and have deficiencies vested in their own personal capabilities. These personal deficiencies or shortcomings originate from a lack of entrepreneurial experience; a lack of entrepreneurial orientation; and a lack of entrepreneurial and management skills. It is unclear which personal deficiencies are applicable or unique to incubates within the Northern Cape province, South Africa.
Purpose: As South Africa’s unemployment rate is at the highest it has ever been, the question is posed to government regarding what is being done to improve the situation. This study focuses specifically on identifying the personal deficiencies of incubates within the incubator sector and exactly why these factors are negatively impacting incubates.
Setting: This study was conducted amongst incubates, incubator managers and incubator staff within the Northern Cape province, South Africa.
Methodology: Semi-structured interviews were conducted amongst 63 participants who were Northern Cape incubates. A purposive non-probability sampling strategy was used whereby homogenous and snowballing sampling were used. The interview data was transcribed and analysed into research themes aligned within entrepreneurship.
Findings: The main deficiencies identified included a lack of: (1) entrepreneurial experience; (2) entrepreneurial orientation; and (3) entrepreneurial skills.
Value: New themes on entrepreneurial deficiencies amongst incubates are identified that are unique to the region and provides recommendations for future research. Professional development, a diversification of commercial activities, along with a selection instrument for applicant-entrepreneurs in incubators within the region are recommended.
Metrics
References
Akinyemi, E. O. 2019. “Nexus between Literacy Education and Entrepreneurial Skill Acquisition of Artisans in Osun State, Nigeria.” Nexus 10 (11): 98–104.
Alan, S. 2019 “Comparative Investigation of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Perceptions of Preservice Teachers.” International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology 7 (4): 311–318.
Almahry, F. F., A. M. Sarea, and A. M. Hamdan. 2018. “A Review Paper on Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurs’ Skills.” Journal of Entrepreneurship Education 21 (2): 1–10.
Al-Mubaraki, H. M., and M. Busler. 2017. “Challenges and Opportunities of Innovation and Incubators as a Tool for Knowledge-Based Economy.” Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 6 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-017-0075-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-017-0075-y
Alsos, G. A., and E. Ljunggren. 2017. “The Role of Gender in Entrepreneur–Investor Relationships: A Signaling Theory Approach.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 41 (4): 567–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/etp.12226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etp.12226
Armanios, D. E., C. E. Eesley, J. Li, and K. M. Eisenhardt. 2017. “How Entrepreneurs Leverage Institutional Intermediaries in Emerging Economies to Acquire Public Resources.” Strategic Management Journal 38 (7): 1373–1390. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2575 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2575
Auna, M. S. S. 2020. “Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy on Entrepreneurial Intentions in the Digital Age.” In Proceedings of the 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2019), 289–292. Amsterdam: Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200120.061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200120.061
Azmi, A. N., Y. Kamin, M. K. Noordin, and A. N. M. Nasir. 2018. “Towards Industrial Revolution 4.0: Employers’ Expectations on Fresh Engineering Graduates.” International Journal of Engineering and Technology 7 (4.28): 267–272.
Bergek, A., and C. Norrman. 2008. “Incubator Best Practice: A Framework.” Technovation 28 (1–2): 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2007.07.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2007.07.008
Bhorat, H., Z. Asmal, K. Lilenstein, and K. van der Zee. 2018. “SMMES in South Africa: Understanding the Constraints on Growth and Performance.” DPRU. https://commerce.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/content_migration/commerce_uct_ac_za/1093/files/DPRU%2520WP201802.pdf
Bird, M., and K. Wennberg. 2016. “Why Family Matters: The Impact of Family Resources on Immigrant Entrepreneurs’ Exit from Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Venturing 31 (6): 687–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.09.002
Block, J. H., C. O. Fisch, and M. van Praag. 2017. “The Schumpeterian Entrepreneur: A Review of the Empirical Evidence on the Antecedents, Behaviour and Consequences of Innovative Entrepreneurship.” Industry and Innovation 24 (1): 61–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2016.1216397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2016.1216397
Bornman, D. A. J., and L. Steenkamp. 2023. “Investigating the Impact of a Pandemic on Entrepreneurial Behaviour: A Qualitative Study of South African Wedding Vendors.” Cogent Business and Management 10 (2): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2199908 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2199908
Botha, M., J. J. van Vuuren, and T. Kunene. 2015. “An Integrated Entrepreneurial Performance Model Focusing on the Importance and Proficiency of Competencies for Start-Up and Established SMEs.” South African Journal of Business Management 46 (3): 55–66. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v46i3.101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v46i3.101
Clarysse, B., M. Wright, A. Lockett, E. van de Velde, and A. Vohora. 2005. “Spinning Out New Ventures: A Typology of Incubation Strategies from European Research Institutions.” Journal of Business Venturing 20 (2): 183–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.12.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.12.004
Coetzer, W., and L. E. Snell. 2013. “A Practical–Theological Perspective on Corruption: Towards a Solution-Based Approach in Practice.” Acta Theologica 33 (1): 29–53. https://doi.org/10.4314/actat.v33i1.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/actat.v33i1.2
Croteau, M. 2019. “Measuring the Performance of Business Accelerators and Incubators: Lessons from Ontario.” In ISPIM Conference Proceedings, 1–15. Manchester: The International Society for Professional Innovation Management (ISPIM).
Davidsson, P., and S. R. Gordon. 2016. “Much Ado about Nothing? The Surprising Persistence of Nascent Entrepreneurs through Macroeconomic Crisis.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 40 (4): 915–941. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12152
Davies, I. A., and B. Doherty. 2019. “Balancing a Hybrid Business Model: The Search for Equilibrium at Cafédirect.” Journal of Business Ethics 157 (4): 1043–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3960-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3960-9
Dee, N., D. Gill, R. Lacher, F. Livesey, and T. A. Minshall. 2019. “Review of Research on the Role and Effectiveness of Incubation for High-Growth Start-Ups.” University of Cambridge Centre for Technology Management Working Paper Series. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.44134
Foo, H. Y., and J. J. Turner. 2019. “‘Entrepreneurial Learning’ – the Role of University Led Incubators and Mentors in Equipping Graduates with the Necessary Skills Set for Industry 4.0.” International Journal of Education 4 (30): 283–298.
Georgieva, H. K. N. 2017. “Corruption in South Africa: Genesis and Outlook.” Journal of Process Management. New Technologies 5 (4): 49–54. https://doi.org/10.5937/jouproman5-15160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5937/jouproman5-15160
Guo, P., X, Li, Y. J., and X. Zhang. 2020. “Cloud Model-Based Comprehensive Evaluation Method for Entrepreneurs’ Uncertainty Tolerance.” Mathematics 8 (9): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8091491 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/math8091491
Hammarberg, K., M. Kirkman, and S. de Lacey. 2016. “Qualitative Research Methods: When to Use Them and How to Judge Them.” Human Reproduction 31 (3): 498–501. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev334 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev334
Hampel-Milagrosa, A., M. Loewe, and C. Reeg. 2015. “The Entrepreneur Makes a Difference: Evidence on MSE Upgrading Factors from Egypt, India, and the Philippines.” World Development 66: 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.08.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.08.005
Henley, A., F. Contreras, J. C. Espinosa, and D. Barbosa. 2017. “Entrepreneurial Intentions of Colombian Business Students: Planned Behaviour, Leadership Skills and Social Capital.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 23 (6): 1017–1032. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-01-2017-0031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-01-2017-0031
Hernandez, N. V., A. Fuentes, and S. Crown. 2018. “Innovation Skills for the Self-Transformation of Underrepresented Engineering Students.” Paper presented at the 2018 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Section Annual Conference, University of Texas at Austin, April 4–6.
Hervas-Oliver, J. L., M. Lleo, and R. Cervello R. 2017. “The Dynamics of Cluster Entrepreneurship: Knowledge Legacy from Parents or Agglomeration Effects? The Case of the Castellon Ceramic Tile District.” Research Policy 46 (1): 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.10.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.10.006
Hsiung, T. 2018. “Satisfaction with Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Moderating Role of Internal Locus of Control.” International Journal of Education and Research 6 (4): 139–146.
Hunter, D. J., J. McCallum, and D. Howes. 2018. “Defining Exploratory–Descriptive Qualitative (EDQ) Research and Considering Its Application to Healthcare.” In Proceedings of the Worldwide Nursing Conference 2018. https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/180272/7/180272.pdf
James, F. A. 2018. “A Study on Networking and Relationship Building as a Driving Force for a Successful Entrepreneur – the Key Skill of an Entrepreneur.” International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 5 (4): 625–630.
Johnson, M. W. 2019. “Overcoming Incumbent Challenges to Business Model Innovation.” Leader to Leader 91: 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ltl.20416 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ltl.20416
Kerr, S. P., W. R. Kerr, and M. Dalton. 2019. “Risk Attitudes and Personality Traits of Entrepreneurs and Venture Team Members.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (36): 17712–17716. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908375116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908375116
Kim, D. K. 2019. “Medical Professionalism in Neoliberalism.” Journal of Korean Medical Science 34 (18): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e125
Kitching, J., and J. Rouse. 2017. “Opportunity or Dead End? Rethinking the Study of Entrepreneurial Action without a Concept of Opportunity.” International Small Business Journal 35 (5): 558–577. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616652211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616652211
Koe, W. L., R, Krishnan, and S. Utami. 2018. “The Influence of Entrepreneurial Skills on Business Start-Up Intention among Bumiputra Students.” Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 12 (2): 53–64.
Kwong, C., and P. Thompson. 2016. “The When and Why: Student Entrepreneurial Aspirations.” Journal of Small Business Management 54 (1): 299–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12146
Lahti, T., M. L. Halko, N. Karagozoglu, and J. Wincent. 2019. “Why and How do Founding Entrepreneurs Bond with Their Ventures? Neural Correlates of Entrepreneurial and Parental Bonding.” Journal of Business Venturing 34 (2): 368–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.05.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.05.001
Li, C., H. ur Rehman, and S. Asim. 2019. “Induction of Incubation Centers in Educational Institutions: An Effective Approach to Foster Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Entrepreneurship Education 22 (1): 1–12.
Malen, J., and A. A. Marcus. 2017. “Promoting Clean Energy Technology Entrepreneurship: The Role of External Context.” Energy Policy 102: 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.045
Mamabolo, M. A., A. Kerrin, and T. Kele. 2017. “Entrepreneurship Management Skills Requirements in an Emerging Economy: A South African Outlook.” Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management 9 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v9i1.111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v9i1.111
Mamabolo, A., and K. Myres. 2020. “A Systematic Literature Review of Skills Required in the Different Phases of the Entrepreneurial Process.” Small Enterprise Research 27 (1): 39–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2020.1730230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2020.1730230
Marvel, M. R., J. L. Davis, and C. R. Sproul. 2016. Human Capital and Entrepreneurship Research: A Critical Review and Future Directions.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 40 (3): 599–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12136
Masutha, M., and C. M. Rogerson. 2014. “Small Enterprise Development in South Africa: The Role of Business Incubators.” Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 26: 141–155. https://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0050
Mehtap, S., M. M. Pellegrini, A. Caputo, and D. H. Welsh. 2017. “Entrepreneurial Intentions of Young Women in the Arab World: Socio-cultural and Educational Barriers.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 23 (6): 880–902. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2017-0214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2017-0214
Mian, S., W. Lamine, and A. Fayolle. 2016. “Technology Business Incubation: An Overview of the State of Knowledge.” Technovation 50 (51): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2016.02.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2016.02.005
Mmusi, P. 2020. “Critical Success Factors for SMEs in the Northern Cape Province.” Master’s diss., University of the Free State.
Moser, A., and I. Korstjens. 2018. “Series: Practical Guidance to Qualitative Research. Part 3: Sampling, Data Collection and Analysis.” European Journal of General Practice 24 (1): 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375091
Mostert, W., W. Niemann, and T. Kotzé. 2017. “Supply Chain Integration in the Product Return Process: A Study of Consumer Electronics Retailers.” Acta Commercii 17 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.4102/ac.v17i1.487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ac.v17i1.487
Nair, S., and T. Blomquist. 2019. “Failure Prevention and Management in Incubation: Practices towards a Scalable Business Model.” Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 31 (3): 266–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2018.1495325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2018.1495325
Ndoro, T. T., L. Louw, and M. Kanyangale. 2018. “Communication Channels in the Host Community Market Adopted by Chinese Immigrant Entrepreneurs.” Acta Commercii 18 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/ac.v18i1.604 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ac.v18i1.604
Niemann, W., K. Mannya, and T. Kotzé. 2018. “Global Sourcing Risk Management Approaches: A Study of Small Clothing and Textile Retailers in Gauteng.” Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management 10 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v10i1.141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v10i1.141
Norasmah, O., and A. Sukarni. 2019. “The Influence of Self-Efficacy and Achievement Motivation on Entrepreneurial Aspiration: The Case Study of Students from Riau Province.” Global Journal Al-Thaqafah Special Issue: 79–92.
Notshulwana, K. 2017. “Prospects and Challenges of Radical Economic Transformation.” Commonwealth Youth and Development 15 (2): 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/4405 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/4405
Nouri, P., and A. Ahmady. 2018. “A Taxonomy of Nascent Entrepreneurs’ Marketing Decisions in High-Tech Small Businesses.” Journal of Small Business Strategy 28 (3): 69–79.
Nouri, P., N. Imanipour, K. Talebi, and M. Zali. 2018. “Most Common Heuristics and Biases in Nascent Entrepreneurs’ Marketing Behavior.” Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship 30 (6): 451–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2018.1427406 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2018.1427406
Odewale, G. T., S. H. Abd Rani, S. O. Migiro, and O. Adeyeye. 2019. “Does Communication Skills Matter to a Nascent Entrepreneur?” Journal of Contemporary Management 16 (1): 209–225. https://doi.org/10.35683/jcm18038.0011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35683/jcm18038.0011
Papagiannis, G. D. 2018. “Entrepreneurship Education Programs: The Contribution of Courses, Seminars and Competitions to Entrepreneurial Activity Decision and to Entrepreneurial Spirit and Mindset of Young People in Greece.” Journal of Entrepreneurship Education 21 (1): 1–21.
Pato, M. L., and A. A. Teixeira. 2016. “Twenty Years of Rural Entrepreneurship: A Bibliometric Survey.” Sociologia Ruralis 56 (1): 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12058
Patriotta, G., and D. Siegel. 2019. “The Context of Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Management Studies 56 (6): 1194–1196. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12440 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12440
Prüfer, J., and P. Prüfer. 2019. “Data Science for Entrepreneurship Research: Studying Demand Dynamics for Entrepreneurial Skills in The Netherlands.” Small Business Economics 55: 651–672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00208-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00208-y
Radianto, W. E. D., T. C. Efrata, and L. Dewi. 2019. “Level of Financial Literacy in Young Entrepreneurs: Study on Entrepreneurship-Based University.” In KnE Social Sciences, 385–398. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i11.4022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i11.4022
Rodriguez-Sanchez, I., A. M. Williams, and M. Brotons. 2019. “The Innovation Journey of New-to-Tourism Entrepreneurs.” Current Issues in Tourism 22 (8): 877–904. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1334763 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1334763
Sagath, D., E. van Burg, J. P. Cornelissen, and C. Giannopapa. 2019. “Identifying Design Principles for Incubation in the European Space Sector.” Journal of Business Venturing Insights 11: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00115
Saldaña, Y., F. Ruiz, L. Gaona, J. J. Nahuat, and K. M. Peña. 2017. “Problems of the Incubators in México.” European Journal of Business and Economics 12 (1): 5–7. https://doi.org/10.12955/ejbe.v12i1.888 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12955/ejbe.v12i1.888
Seixas, B. V., N. Smith, and C. Mitton. 2018. “The Qualitative Descriptive Approach in International Comparative Studies: Using Online Qualitative Surveys.” International Journal of Health Policy and Management 7 (9): 778–781. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2017.142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2017.142
Silva, A. Q., and J. C. da Cunha. 2018. “Are Technology Incubators Fulfilling Their Objectives? A Study of the TBI’s Performance Located in Brazil.” International Journal of Innovation 6 (3): 298–317. https://doi.org/10.5585/iji.v6i3.313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5585/iji.v6i3.313
Sousa, M. 2018. “Entrepreneurship Skills Development in Higher Education Courses for Teams Leaders.” Administrative Sciences 8 (2): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci8020018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci8020018
Sriyakula, T., and K. Jermsittiparsertb. 2019. “The Role of Entrepreneur Education in Shaping Students’ Views on Self-Employment: A Study of University Students in Thailand.” International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change 6 (10): 233–257.
Sudana, I. M., D. Apriyani, E. Supraptono, and A. Kamis. 2019. “Incubator Training Management Model to Increase Graduate Competency.” Benchmarking: An International Journal 26 (3): 773–787. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-03-2018-0069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-03-2018-0069
Tangri, R., and R. Southall. 2008. “The Politics of Black Economic Empowerment in South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies 34 (3): 699–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070802295856 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070802295856
Uygur, S., L. J. Spence, R. Simpson, and F. Karakas. 2017. “Work Ethic, Religion and Moral Energy: The Case of Turkish SME Owner-Managers.” International Journal of Human Resource Management 28 (8): 1212–1235. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1166790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1166790
Vaismoradi, M., and S. Snelgrove. 2019. “Theme in Qualitative Content Analysis and Thematic Analysis.” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research 20 (3): 1–15.
Van der Spuy, S. J. 2019. “The State of Business Incubation in the Northern Cape: A Service Spectrum Perspective.” Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management 11 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v11i1.271 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v11i1.271
Van Scheers, L. 2016. “How Do Entrepreneurs Measure Success in South Africa?” Journal of Business and Retail Management Research 11 (1): 1–6.
Vermeulen, Y., W. Niemann, and T. Kotzé. 2016. “Supply Chain Integration: A Qualitative Exploration of Perspectives from Plastic Manufacturers in Gauteng.” Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management 10 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.4102/jtscm.v10i1.223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/jtscm.v10i1.223
Wachira, K., P. Ngugi, and R. O. Otieno. 2017. “Incubatee Selection Criteria and Its Role on Entrepreneurship Growth: A Survey of University Based Incubators in Kenya.” International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 7 (1): 28–38. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i1/2553 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i1/2553
Wiklund, J., W. Yu, and H. Patzelt. 2018. “Impulsivity and Entrepreneurial Action.” Academy of Management Perspectives 32 (3): 379–403. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2016.0177 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2016.0177
Yachin, J. M. 2019. “The Entrepreneur–Opportunity Nexus: Discovering the Forces That Promote Product Innovations in Rural Micro-Tourism Firms.” Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 19 (1): 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2017.1383936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2017.1383936
Zahra, S. A. 2018. “Entrepreneurial Risk Taking in Family Firms: The Wellspring of the Regenerative Capability.” Family Business Review 31 (2): 216–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486518776871 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486518776871
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Stephanus Johannes Hofmeyr van der Spuy, Dawie Bornman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Accepted 2023-10-17
Published 2023-11-30