“Say Not Her Name!” The Socio-Cultural Significance of Personal Name Avoidance Strategies for Shona Married Women

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6697/19221

Keywords:

personal name avoidance strategies, socio-onomastics, honorific plurals, Shona clan praise names, kinship terms of address, teknonyms

Abstract

Shona culture discourages people from addressing married women using their personal names. The article uses the socio-onomastic approach to discuss the socio-cultural significance of this personal name avoidance practice. Extant literature has looked at the general address system for different addressees in private and public settings. A study of honorific discourses that thrive on name avoidance for specific addressees is yet to be done among the Shona. This study gathered data using observation and semi-structured interviews with a sample of 100 participants. It established that clan praise names, kinship terms, and teknonyms are the personal name avoidance strategies used.

References

Agyekum, Kofi. 2010. “Honorifics and Status Indexing in Akan Communication.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 1(5): 369–385. 10.1080/01434630308666506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630308666506

Ainiala, Terhi and Jan-Ola Östman. 2017. “Introduction: Socio-onomastics and Pragmatics.” In Socio-onomastics: The pragmatics of names, edited by Terhi Ainiala and Jan-Ola Östman, 1–20. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.275

Ainiala, Terhi. 2016. “Names in Society.” In The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming, edited by Carole Hough, 371–381. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199656431.013.27

Bourdillon, Michael F. C. 1976. The Shona Peoples: An Ethnography of the Contemporary Shona with Special Reference to their Religion. Gweru: Mambo Press.

Biri, Kudzai. 2021. The Wounded beast?”: Single Women, Tradition, and the Bible in Zimbabwe. Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20378/irb-48992

Chabata, Emmanuel. 2008. “Personal Names and Naming Practices in Shona. A Reflection of a People’s Changing Philosophy in Changing Times.” Namn og Nemne 25: 49–67.

Chabata, Emmanuel and Pedzisai Mashiri. 2012. “The Significance of Motherhood in Family

Stability as Portrayed in the Shona Proverb.” In Rediscoursing African Womanhood in the Search for Sustainable Renaissance: Africana Womanism in Multi-disciplinary Approaches, edited by Itai Muwati, Zifikile Mguni, Tavengwa Gwekwerere and Ruby Magosvongwe, 103–113. Harare: College Press.

Chimhundu, Herbert. 1987. “Language, Literature and Sex Stereotypes.” Unpublished Paper, University of Zimbabwe.

Chitando, Ezra. 2001. “Signs and Portents? Theophoric Names in Zimbabwe.” Word and World 21(2): 144–151.

Coates, Richard. 2023. “My Name and Myself – Duet or Solo?” In Onomastics in Interaction with Other Branches of Science. Proceedings of the 27th International Congress of Onomastic Sciences (2021), edited by Urszula Bijak, Pawel Swoboda and Justyna B. Walkowiak, 21–34. Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/K7478.47/22.23.17725

Dowling, Tessa. 1988. “Isihlonipho Sabafazi: The Xhosa Women’s Language of Respect. A Sociolinguistic Exploration.” Master’s Thesis: University of Cape Town.

Elmendorf, William W. 1951. “Word Taboo and Lexical Change in Coast Salish.” International Journal of American Linguistics 17(4):205–208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/464130

Finlayson, Rosalie. 1982. “Hlonipha—The Women’s Language of Avoidance among the Xhosa.” South African Journal of African Languages 2(1): 35–60. DOI: 10.1080/02572117.1982.10586458 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1982.10586458

Finlayson, Rosalie. 1978. “A Preliminary Survey of Hlonipha among the Xhosa.” Taalfasette 24(2): 48–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/04966740.1978.10588008

Fleming, Luke. 2011. “Name Taboos and Rigid Performativity.” Anthropological Quarterly, 84(1): 141–164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2011.0010

Gelfand, Michael. 1973. The Genuine Shona: Survival Values of an African Culture. Gweru: Mambo Press.

Koopman, Adrian. 1986. “The Social and Literary Aspects of Zulu Personal Names.” Master’s Dissertation: University of Natal.

Koopman, Adrian. 2002. Zulu Names. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.

Herbert, Robert K. 1990. “Hlonipha and the Ambiguous Woman.” Anthropos 85(4/5): 455–473.

Irvine, Judith and Gunner, Liz. 2018. “With Respect to Zulu: Revisiting ukuHlonipha.” Anthropological Quarterly 91(1): 173–207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2018.0005

Makondo, Livingstone. 2009. “An Investigation into Language Use for Specific Purposes with Special Reference to the Anthroponyms of the Shona Society 1890-2006.” PhD Dissertation: University of South Africa.

Makondo, Livingstone. 2013a. “The Most Popular Shona Female Anthroponyms.” Stud Tribes Tribals 11(2): 113–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2013.11886672

Makondo, Livingstone. 2013b. “The Most Popular Shona Male Anthroponyms.” Stud Tribe Tribals 11(1): 11–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2013.11886659

Mamvura, Zvinashe. 2021. “An Ethnopragmatic Analysis of Death-prevention Names in the Karanga Society of Zimbabwe.” African Studies 80(1):111–124. DOI:10.1080/00020184.2021.1886580 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2021.1886580

Mamvura, Zvinashe and Magret, Chipara. 2022. “Gender in the Personal Naming Practices of the Shona in Zimbabwe: A Socio-onomastic Study.” In Names Fashioned by Gender: Stitched Perceptions, edited by Thenjiwe Meyiwa and Madoda P. Cekiso, 115–126. Pretoria: University of South Africa Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032628301-9

Mamvura, Zvinashe, Moses, Changa, and Innocent, Mupandasekwa. 2024. “Karanga Bovonyms in the Nyajena Area of Masvingo: A Socio-onomastic Perspective.” African Identities 22(3): 554–569. DOI: 10.1080/14725843.2022.2082377 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2022.2082377

Mangena, Tendai. 2022. “Personal Names, Naming and Identity (Re)negotiation among Zimbabweans in the Diaspora.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 59(5): 1571–1584. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096221141345 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096221141345

Mararike, Claude, G. 2012. “Developing the Whole Person: Education Based on Concepts Drawn from Culture.” In Rediscoursing African Womanhood in the Search for Sustainable Renaissance: Africana Womanism in Multi-disciplinary Approaches, edited by Itai Muwati, Zifikile Mguni, Tavengwa Gwekwerere and Ruby Magosvongwe, 8–16. Harare: College Press.

Masasire, Albert. 1996. “Kinship and Marriage.” In Introduction to Shona Culture, edited by Solomon M. Mutswairo, 40–50. Kwekwe: Juta Zimbabwe (Pvt) Limited.

Mashiri, Pedzisai. 1999. “Terms of Address in Shona: A Sociolinguistic Approach.” Zambezia, XXVI(I): 93–110.

Mashiri, Pedzisai. 2003. “The Semantic and Morphological Aspects of Shona Christian Personal Names.” Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics 3: 1–14.

Mashiri, Pedzisai. 2004. “More than Mere Linguistic Tricks: The Sociopragmatic Functions of Some Nicknames Used by Shona-Speaking People in Harare.” Zambezia XXXI (i/ii): 22–45.

Mashiri, Pedzisai. 2005. “The Language of Ethnic Contempt: Malawian-Zimbabwean Shona Rivalry.” Zambezia 32(1): 1–29. 10.4314/zjh.v32i1.58612 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/zjh.v32i1.58612

Mashiri, Pedzisai and Emmanuel, Chabata. 2010. “A Country of Four Names: Zimbabwe’s Name Changes and Their Significance.” Zambezia (special issue), 16–28.

Mashiri, Pedzisai, Emmanuel Chabata, and Ezra, Chitando. 2013. “A Socio-cultural and Linguistic Analysis of Postcolonial Christian Naming Practices in Zimbabwe.” Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences 2(2): 163–173.

Mashiri, Pedzisai, Emmanuel Chabata, and Zvinashe Mamvura (eds.). 2017. Zimbabwean Naming Practices and Patterns: A Multi-disciplinary Approach. Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications.

Mbaya, Maweja. 2002. “Linguistic Taboo in African Marriage: A Study of the Oromo Laguu.” Journal of Humanities (Zomba) 16: 55–67.

Mbiti, John S. 1969. African Religions and Philosophy. Oxford: Heinemann Education.

Mitchell, Alice. 2018. “Allusive References and Other-oriented Stance in An Affinal Avoidance Register.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 28(1): 4–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jola.12174

Mitchell, Alice. 2015. “Extra-ordinary Morphology in an Avoidance Register of Datooga.” In Selected Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, edited by Ruth Kramer, Elizabeth C. Zsiga and One T. Boyer, 188-198. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.

Mitchell, Alice and Rácz, Peter M. 2021. “Children’s Knowledge of a Name-based Avoidance Register: A Quantitative Study among Datooga of Tanzania.” American Anthropologist 123(2): 389–400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13579

Muwati, Itai, Zifikile, Gambahaya and Tavengwa, Gwekwerere. 2011. “Africana Womanism and African Proverbs: Theoretical Grounding of Mothering/Motherhood in Shona and Ndebele Cultural Discourse.” The Western Journal of Black Studies 35(1): 1–8.

Muwati, Itai and Zifikile, Gambahaya. 2012. “Introduction.” In Rediscoursing African Womanhood in the Search for Sustainable Renaissance: Africana Womanism in Multi-disciplinary Approaches, edited by Itai Muwati, Zifikile Mguni, Tavengwa Gwekwerere and Ruby Magosvongwe, xvi–xxiv. Harare: College Press.

Neethling, Siebert. J. 2005. Naming among the Xhosa of South Africa (Studies in Onomastics). Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press.

p’Bitek, Okot. 1986. Artist, the Ruler: Essays on Art, Culture and Values. Nairobi: Heinemann Kenya Limited.

Pfukwa, Charles. 2008. “Onomastic Innovation in Zimbabwean Noms de Guerre.” Language Matters 34(1): 13–23. 10.1080/10228190308566189 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10228190308566189

Ramaeba, Goabilwe. N. 2019. “A Comparative Study of Linguistic and Social Aspects of Personal Names in Botswana and Scotland.” Doctoral Dissertation: University of Glasgow. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/id/eprint/74387

Rudwick, Stephanie. 2008. “Shifting Norms of Linguistic and Cultural Respect: Hybrid Sociolinguistic Zulu Identities.” Nordic Journal of African Studies 17(2): 152–174.

Rudwick, Stephanie and Shange, Magcino. 2009. “Hlonipha and the Rural Zulu Woman.” Agenda 23(82): 66–75.

Sabet, Peyman G. P. and Zhang, Grace. 2020. “First Names in Social and Ethnic Contexts: A Socio-onomastic Approach.” Language and Communication 70 (1–12). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2019.09.004

Thetela, Puleng H. 2002. “Sex Discourses and Gender Constructions in Southern Sotho: A Case Study of Police Interviews of Rape/Sexual Assault Victim.” Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 20(3): 177–189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2989/16073610209486309

Trawick, Margaret. 1996. Notes on Love in a Tamil Family. Oxford University Press: Madras.

Zungu, Phyllis. 2008. “Some Aspects of Hlonipha in Zulu Society.” Language Matters 28(1): 171–181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10228199708566125

Published

2025-11-28

How to Cite

Mamvura, Zvinashe. 2025. “‘Say Not Her Name!’ The Socio-Cultural Significance of Personal Name Avoidance Strategies for Shona Married Women: ”. Southern African Journal for Folklore Studies 34 (2):21 pages . https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6697/19221.

Issue

Section

Articles