“Weathering the Storm”: Reading for Indigenous Climate Knowledge(s) in Selected Southern African Short Stories
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6697/20189Keywords:
climate change, indigenous climate knowledge, mystical, mythical, dystopia, alternative realities, Kaluwe Haangala, Vuyokazi Ngemntu, When Graves Wail, The Serpent’s HandmaidenAbstract
This article explores indigenous experiences of climate change, focusing on different “technologies” such as the role of the mystic and the mythical in mitigating the effects of climate change. To this end, it offers a critical analysis of two short stories from southern Africa, “When Graves Wail” (2022) by Kaluwe Haangala and Vuyokazi Ngemntu’s “The Serpent’s Handmaiden” (2022). Rooted in traditional knowledge and cultural heritage, the two stories offer hope, renewal, and healing amidst drought-stricken landscapes. In both stories, mystical creatures like the inkanyamba (the rain snake) and the ancestors come to the rescue of the living as they face a dystopian future because of climate change. The article draws on Michael Warren’s concept of indigenous climate knowledge, which posits that this type of knowledge is usually forged through the community’s interaction with their environment. Through a postcolonial ecocritical lens, I make the argument that these African narratives amplify the unique voices and experiences of African people in their quest to cushion themselves from the effects of climate change such as severe droughts and flooding. Additionally, by foregrounding African experiences and responses to climate change, these narratives disrupt the dominant Global North discourse that portrays the African continent as powerless in the face of climate change. As this article will demonstrate, African stories that foreground indigenous knowledges create space for envisioning alternative realities that enable environmental preservation through context-based solutions that resonate with local communities.
References
Abegunde, M. 2022. “The Ancestor Who Speaks Is the Earth: Pumzi and the Invitation to Listen.” OWSD, June 9. https://owsd.net/news/owsd-nigeria-national-chapter-presents-ancestor-who-speaks-earth-pumzi-and-invitation-listen.
Armitstead, C. 2021. “Stories to Save the World: The New Wave of Climate Fiction.” The Guardian, June 26. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jun/26/stories-to-save-the-world-the-new-wave-of-climate-fiction.
Asika, I. 2014. “‘That We May Be Saved’ Eco-Critical Reading of Water Testament: An Anthology of Poems on Water and Water-Related Issues.” ANSU Journal of Arts and Humanities 1 (1). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3647051. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3647051
Ayompe, L. M., and W. N. Epie. 2025. “Building Africa’s Climate Resilience: Understanding the Impacts and Future Strategies in the Face of Climate Change.” Frontiers in Climate 7: 1619799. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1619799. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1619799
Baloyi, L., and M. Makobe-Rabothata. 2014. “The African Conception of Death: A Cultural Implication.” In Toward Sustainable Development through Nurturing Diversity: Proceedings from the 21st International Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, edited by L. T. B. Jackson, D. Meiring, F. J. R. Van de Vijver, E. S. Idemoudia, and W. K. Gabrenya Jr., 232–243. International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. https://doi.org/10.4087/FRDW2511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4087/FRDW2511
Banerjee, M. 2016. “Ecocriticism and Postcolonial Studies.” In Handbook of Ecocriticism and Cultural Ecology, edited by H. Zapf, 194–207. Boston: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110314595-012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110314595-012
Brown, F. 2019. “What Is Climate Fiction? Cli-Fi and How It Can Help Us Respond to the Climate Crisis.” Stories for Earth (blog), December 4. https://storiesforearth.com/2019/12/04/what-isclimate-fiction/.
Chiminya, S. 2015. “Mukwerera: Africa’s Digital Rain-Making Ceremony.” The Sunday Mail, September 27, 2015. Accessed November 25, 2024. https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/mukwerera-africas-digital-rain-making-ceremony.
Chimombo, S. 1989. “Dreams, Conversion and Ntara’s Man of Africa.” Journal of Religion in Africa 19 (1): 48–70. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006689X00053. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/157006689X00053
Chimuka, T. A. 2014. “Is Independence for Africa: A Leap Frog Mirage?” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 16 (8): 61–75. https://jsd-africa.com/Jsda/Vol16No8-Winter14B/PDF/Is%20Independence%20for%20Africa.Tarisayi%20Chimuka.pdf.
Clode, D., and M. Stasiak. 2014. “Fictional Depictions of Climate Change.” International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses 5 (4): 19–29. https://doi.org/10.18848/1835-7156/CGP/v05i04/37220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18848/1835-7156/CGP/v05i04/37220
Dubey, M. 2008. “Becoming Animal in Black Women’s Science Fiction.” In Afro-Future Females: Black Writers Chart Science Fiction’s Newest New-Wave Trajectory, edited by M. S. Barr, 31–51. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Egya, S. 2016. “Nature and Environmentalism of the Poor: Eco-Poetry from the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria.” Journal of African Cultural Studies 28 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2015.1083848. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2015.1083848
Erer, E. B. 2022. “How The World Changes Dystopias: An Ecocritical Study of Evolving Climate Fiction Novels.” MA diss., Bogazici University. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14908/16517.
Garuba, H. 2003. “Explorations in Animist Materialism: Notes on Reading/Writing African Literature, Culture and Society.” Public Culture 15 (2): 261–285. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-15-2-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-15-2-261
Haangala, K. 2022. “When Graves Wail.” Kalahari Review, December 1. Accessed October 3, 2024. https://kalaharireview.com/when-graves-wail-bb01eaaf27aa.
Iheka, C. 2018. Naturalizing Africa: Ecological Violence, Agency, and Postcolonial Resistance in African Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108183123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108183123
Joseph, C. 2021. “Of Water and Water Spirits in Southern African Literature.” PhD diss., University of the Witwatersrand. https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/f0b42a5a-d43c-4276-95c6-8b63c7352469/content.
Laltha, S. 2017. “The Rebel Hero and Social Anxieties in Selected Cinematic Representations of the Twenty-First Century Hollywood Dystopian and Science Fiction Imaginary.” PhD diss., University of KwaZulu-Natal. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/15506.
Leyda, J., K. Loock, A. Starre, T. Pinto Barbosa, and M. Rivera. 2016. “The Dystopian Impulse of Contemporary Cli-Fi: Lessons and Questions from a Joint Workshop of the IASS and the JFKI (FU Berlin).” Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) Working Paper, November 2016. https://doi.org/10.2312/iass.2016.026.
Machoko, G. 2013. “Water Spirits and the Conservation of the Natural Environment: A Case Study from Zimbabwe.” International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 5 (8): 285−296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/IJSA12.065
Makuyana, L. 2021. “Hydro-Colonialism: A Hydro-Critical Reading of Three Texts on Kariba.” MA diss, University of the Witwatersrand.
Mberengwa, N. 2016. “Shangwe Rainmaking Ceremonies from a Functionalist Perspective.” BA essay, Theology and Religious Studies. Munich: GRIN Verlag. Accessed October 2, 2024. https://www.grin.com/document/335004.
Mbiti, J. 1969. African Religions and Philosophy. Johannesburg: Heinemann.
Mertens, M., and S. Craps. 2018. “Contemporary Fiction vs. the Challenge of Imagining the Timescale of Climate Change.” Studies in the Novel 50 (1): 134–153. https://doi.org/10.1353/sdn.2018.0007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/sdn.2018.0007
Moonsamy, N. 2019. “Aliens and Insecticide: Ecoambiguity in Two Stories from Dilman Dila’s A Killing in the Sun.” English in Africa 46 (3): 75–92. https://doi.org/10.4314/eia.v46i3.5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/eia.v46i3.5
Morris, B. 2010. “Indigenous Knowledge.” Society of Malawi Journal 63 (1): 1–9.
Ngara, R. 2012. “Mukwerera, a Shangwe Rainmaking Ceremony: Its Music, Dance and Symbols.” MA diss., University of Fort Hare. Accessed December 13, 2024. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mukwerera%2C-a-Shangwe-rainmaking-ceremony%3A-Its-dance-Ngara/54510a4a54ceb7be2ea9a80c221658733bcaf3cc.
Ngemntu, V. 2022. “The Serpent’s Handmaiden.” Kalahari Review, December 21. https://kalaharireview.com/the-serpents-handmaiden-7a4c8b6af7f8.
Nixon, R. 2011. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674061194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt2jbsgw
Nwoye, A. 2017. “An Afrocentric Theory of Human Personhood.” Psychology in Society (PINS) 54: 42–66. https://doi.org/10.17159/2309-8708/2017/n54a4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17159/2309-8708/2017/n54a4
Nyawalo, M. 2016. “Afro-Futurism and the Aesthetics of Hope in Bekolo’s Les Saignantes and Kahiu’s Pumzi.” Journal of the African Literature Association 10 (2): 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/21674736.2016.1257499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21674736.2016.1257499
Pacho, P., and L. Lianggong. 2026. “Reimagining Nature through Postcolonial Ecocriticism: Literary Resistance in Contemporary African Fiction.” Journal for Nature Conservation 91: 127238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2026.127238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2026.127238
Okorafor, N. 2011. “Organic Fantasy.” In The Black Imagination, Science Fiction and the Speculative, edited by S. Jackson and J. Moody Freeman, 481–516. London: Routledge.
Ross, R. J. 1977. “Smallpox at the Cape of Good Hope in the Eighteenth Century.” African Historical Demography 416–428. Accessed January 6, 2016. https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/4200.
Specht, D., and S. Angeli. 2021. “Apocalyptic Films Have Lulled Us into a False Sense of Security about Climate Change.” The Conversation, August 10. Accessed November 2, 2024. https://theconversation.com/apocalyptic-films-have-lulled-us-into-a-false-sense-of-security-about-climate-change-165837. DOI: https://doi.org/10.64628/AB.w9sa5evah
Thobakgale, E., M. R. Ngunyulu, and M. Mulaudzi. 2024. “Traditional Health Practitioners’ Understanding of Spirit Possession in Gauteng Province, South Africa.” Health SA Gesondheid: Journal of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences 29: a1887. https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v29i0.1887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v29i0.1887
Warren, D. M. 1991. “The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Facilitating the Agricultural Extension Process.” Paper presented at International Workshop on Agricultural Knowledge Systems and the Role of Extension, Bad Boll, Germany, May 21–24.
Wood, F. 2025. “From Rain Bringer to Wealth Giver: Changing Forms of the Snake in Southern African Belief Systems.” Tydskrif vir letterkunde 62 (3): 79–87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17159/tl.v62i3.18634
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright will be vested in Unisa Press. However, as long as you do not use the article in ways which would directly conflict with the publisher's business interests, you retain the right to use your own article (provided you acknowledge the published version of the article) as follows:
- to make further copies of all or part of the published article for your use in classroom teaching;
- to make copies of the final accepted version of the article for internal distribution within your institution, or to place it on your own or your institution's website or repository, or on a site that does not charge for access to the article, but you must arrange not to make the final accepted version of the article available to the public until 18 months after the date of acceptance;
- to reuse all or part of this material in a compilation of your own works or in a textbook of which you are the author, or as the basis for a conference presentation.
Accepted 2026-03-03
Published 2026-05-04