Gender-Based Violence and Child Abuse in Milomo ya Ṋukala

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6697/21541

Keywords:

gender-based violence, child abuse, radical feminist theory, patriarchal power, Tshivenḓa drama

Abstract

This article examines gender-based violence and child abuse in M. P. Ṋefefe’s Milomo ya Ṋukala (2008) through a radical feminist lens. Using qualitative textual and thematic analysis, it explores how patriarchal power operates within the domestic sphere through silence, fear, and impunity. Mr Bukuta embodies everyday male authority that escalates into incest, physical violence, and the silencing of women and children. The study shows that the home is constructed as a site of domination rather than safety, where secrecy functions as a mechanism of control. Abuse produces psychological, educational, and social harm, evident in Ntshengedzeni’s withdrawal and declining school performance, demonstrating the link between private violence and public consequences. The article argues that these harms are structural, rooted in patriarchal ideology, and reinforced by cultural norms that normalise male authority. It further positions Tshivenḓa drama as feminist resistance that exposes tabooed violence and advances counter-narratives of agency, justice, and accountability.

References

Aidoo, A. A. 1996. “Literature, Feminism, and the African Woman Today.” In Reconstructing Womanhood, Reconstructing Feminism, edited by D. Jarrett-Macauley, 173–192. London: Routledge.

Barry, P. 2017. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Bennett, J., and S. Tamale, eds. 2017. Research on Gender and Sexualities in Africa. London: African Books Collective. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r1ds. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh8r1ds

Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Creswell, J. W. 2013. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Daly, M. 1990. Gyn/ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism. Boston: Beacon Press.

Dobash, R. E., and R. P. Dobash. 1979. Violence against Wives: A Case against the Patriarchy. New York: Free Press.

Dworkin, A. 1981. Pornography: Men Possessing Women. New York: Penguin.

Emerson, D. R., and D. Russell. 1979. Violence against Wives: A Case against the Patriarchy. New York City: Free Press.

Firestone, S. (1970) 2015. The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution. London: Verso Books.

Gqola, P. D. 2007. “How the ‘Cult of Femininity’ and Violent Masculinities Support Endemic Gender-Based Violence in Contemporary South Africa.” African Identities 5 (1): 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725840701253894. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14725840701253894

hooks, b. 2000. Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate Politics. London: Pluto Press.

MacKinnon, C. A. 1989. Toward a Feminist Theory of the State. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Millett, K. 1970. Sexual Politics. New York: Garden City.

Moyana, R. 1996. “Men and Women: Gender Issues in Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions and She No Longer Weeps.” In New Trends and Generations in African Literature: A Review, African Literature Today Vol. 20, edited by E. D. Jones and M. Jones, 25–34. Trenton: Africa World Press. http://researchdatabase.ac.zw/980/.

Mulaudzi, L. J., and L. Kriel. 2021. “Gendered Ruptures and Continuities in the Venda Traditional Leadership from C. 1990 to 2020.” Southern Journal for Contemporary History 46 (2): 89–112. https://doi.org/10.38140/sjch.v46i2.4844. DOI: https://doi.org/10.38140/sjch.v46i2.4844

Muthien, B. 2018. “Human Security and Intersectional Oppressions: Women in South Africa.” In The Gender Imperative, edited by B. A. Reardon and A. Hans, 59–82. New Delhi: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429452130-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429452130-4

Ṋefefe, M. P. 2008. Milomo ya ṋukala. Ṱhohoyanḓou: Kalahari Productions and Booksellers.

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o. 1986. Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature. Oxford: James Currey.

Nieuwenhuis, J. 2007. “Analysing Qualitative Data.” In First Steps in Research, edited by K. Maree, 99–122. Pretoria: Van Schaik.

Nnaemeka, O. 2005. The Politics of (M)Othering: Womanhood, Identity and Resistance in African Literature. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203981313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203981313

Nxumalo, N. A. 2018. “The Judicial Development of African Customary Law as Per Section 39 (2) of the Constitution of South Africa: An Examination of Selected Case Law.” PhD diss., University of KwaZulu-Natal. https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/e6fd7ab9-03ff-4fca-a481-7f76482bda4d/content.

Ogundipe-Leslie, M. 1994. Re-Creating Ourselves: African Women and Critical Transformations. Trenton: Africa World Press.

Pateman, C. 1988. The Sexual Contract. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Rubaya, C. 2022. “Debunking Patriarchal Assumptions about Motherhood as Represented in Selected Southern African Literature.” Literator: Journal of Literary Criticism, Comparative Linguistics and Literary Studies 43 (1): 1843. https://doi.org/10.4102/lit.v43i1.1843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/lit.v43i1.1843

Sebola, M. 2023. “Perspective Chapter: The Female Body on the Phallocentric Altar—Appropriations of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Feminist Manifesto.” In Feminism—Corporeality, Materialism, and Beyond, edited by D. S. Erasga and M. E. L. Labayandoy. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110476

Spivak, G. C. 2023. “Can the Subaltern Speak?” In Imperialism, edited by P. H. Cain and M. Harrison, 171–219. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003101536-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003101536-9

Stratton, F. 1994. Contemporary African Literature and the Politics of Gender. London: Routledge.

Tong, R. 2009. Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Westview Press.

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2006. Behind Closed Doors: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Children. New York: UNICEF.

Zharima, C. 2020. “A Black Space: Exploring the Institutional Constraints and Opportunities on Black Academics’ Careers in Historically Black Universities.” MA diss., University of the Witwatersrand.

Published

2026-05-20

How to Cite

Mudau, Mbulaheni. 2026. “Gender-Based Violence and Child Abuse in Milomo Ya Ṋukala”. Southern African Journal for Folklore Studies, May, 21 pages . https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6697/21541.

Issue

Section

Articles
Received 2026-02-20
Accepted 2026-04-21
Published 2026-05-20