Hybridisation as a Normal Process of Life: A Contribution to the “Ukuthwasa” Conversation within the Methodist Church of Southern Africa

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/13832

Keywords:

hybridisation, ukuthwasa, conversation, Methodist Church of Southern Africa

Abstract

The Methodist Church of Southern Africa (MCSA) is currently engaged in a conversation on ukuthwasa (initiation into an ancestral calling). The conversation has sparked different reactions within the Church. Some are uncomfortable engaging in this conversation as it is seen as an unnecessary and unChristian conversation to have within the Church. There are also some who have gone through the ukuthwasa and feel that the conversation is long overdue within the MCSA. Furthermore, some believe in sangomas and are happy about this conversation. While this conversation is taking place within the MCSA, it is shrouded in suspicion and fear. There is fear that it might lead to the conversion of the Church to African traditional religion, which many feel is the opposite of Christianity. This paper is intended as a contribution to this conversation by using secondary or desk research as a methodology. Firstly, the paper defines the African worldview in which ukuthwasa is embedded. Secondly, it explores the meaning of hybridisation. Thirdly, it indicates areas within the Christian faith where hybridisation has become part of worship and belief. Finally, the paper concludes by recommending openness in this conversation as a likely solution that could lead to the Methodist vision of a “Christ healed Africa for the healing of nations.”

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Bakow, B.R., and Low, K. 2018. "A South African Experience: Cultural Determinants of Ukuthwasa." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49 (3): 436-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117753546 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117753546

Booi, N. 2004. "Three Perspectives on Ukuthwasa: The View from Traditional Beliefs, Western Psychiatry and Transpersonal Psychology." Master's dissertation, Rhodes University.

Bompani, B. 2006. "Mandela mania': Mainline Churches in Post-apartheid South Africa." Third World Quarterly 27 (6): 1137-1149.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590600842449 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590600842449

Cumes, D. 2013. "South African Indigenous Healing: How It Works." Explore 1 (9): 58-65.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2012.11.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2012.11.007

Dennis, C. 1978. "The Role of Dingaka tsa Setswana from the 19th Century to Present." Botswana Notes and Records. 10: 53-66.

DEWCOM 2023. "Ukuthwasa and the Practice of Being a Traditional Healer: A Conversation within the Methodist Church of Southern Africa." The Methodist Church of Southern Africa Doctrine, Ethics, Worship Committee.

Dube, M.W. 2014. "Translating Ngaka: Robert Moffat Rewriting an Indigenous Healer." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae. 40 (1): 157-172.

Du Plessis, A.L. 2017. "The Cultural Aspect in the Contextualisation of Pastoral Caregiving Ministry." In die Skriflig. 51 (2): a2236.

https://doi.org/10.4102/ids.v51i2.2236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ids.v51i2.2236

Ezekweke, E., and Kanu, I. 2012. "Perspectives of Syncretism and its Modern Trend: A Case of Christian and African Traditions." Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities. 13 (2): 71-84. https://doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v13i2.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v13i2.4

Ferreira, I.W. and Chiponya, W.C. 2021. "Church Decline: A Comparative Investigation Assessing More than Numbers." In die Skriflig. 55 (1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4102/ids.v55i1.2645 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ids.v55i1.2645

Forster, D. 2008. "Prophetic Witness and Social Action as Holiness in The Methodist Church of Southern Africa's Mission." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae, XXXIV (1): 411-434.

Froise, H. 2005. "Religious Dualism in South Africa Consequences of Inadequate Missions Theology of the Spirit World." PhD Dissertation, University of the Free State.

Hahnenberg, E.P. 2010. Awakening Vocation. A Theology of Christian Call (Kindle Edition), Litrugical, Collegeville.

Jibiliza, X. 2021. "The Evolution of Pastoral Care Ministry through the Ages." Pharos Journal of Theology. 102 (1): 1-14.

https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.10211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.10211

Jones, A.W. 2022. "Hybridity and Christian Identity." Missiology: An International Review. 50 (1): 7-16.

https://doi.org/10.1177/00918296211043533 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00918296211043533

Karani, S. 2023. "Worship or Veneration: An Analysis of Whether the African Veneration of Ancestors Equals the Biblical Understanding of Worship." ShahidiHub International Journal of Theology and Religious Studies. 3 (2): 21-36.

Klaasen, J.S.2018. "Pastoral Care in Communities under Transition: Interplay Between Care and Culture." In die Skriflig. 52 (1): 1-8.

https://doi.org/10.4102/ids.v52i1.2332 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ids.v52i1.2332

Kleinhempel, E.R. 2017. "Covert Syncretism: The Reception of South Africa's Sangoma Practise and Spirituality by 'Double Faith' in the Contexts of Christianity and of Esotericism." Open Theology. 3: 642-661. https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2017-0050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2017-0050

Kumalo, S. 2006. "Methodism in South Africa: The Teaching Ministry of Five Native Mission Agents." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae, XXXII (2):1-19.

Magezi, V. 2006. "Community Healing and the Role of Pastoral Care of the Ill and Suffering in Africa." In die Skriflig, 40 (3): 505-521.

https://doi.org/10.4102/ids.v40i3.356 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ids.v40i3.356

Mlisa, L.N. 2009. "Ukuthwasa Initiation of Amagqirha: Identity Construction and the Training of Xhosa Women as Traditional Healers." PhD Thesis University of Free State.

Molobi, V.M.S. 2019. "AIC Theologies and Western Missions: A South African Analysis." Missionalia. 47 (3): 319-336.

https://doi.org/10.7832/47-3-338 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7832/47-3-338

Mokhutso, J. 2021. "The Impact of African Indigenous Knowledge System on Healthcare System in South Africa: The Covid-19 Perspective." Gender and Behaviour. 19 (1): 1-20.

Mokhutso, J. 2022. "Ancestors are Demonic - is it True? Traversing Christian Demonology and African Traditional Religion." Pharos Journal of Theology. 103 (2): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.103.2046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.103.2046

Mokhutso, J. 2023. "Is the Methodist Church of Southern Africa an African Church or a Church in Africa? A Decoloniality Paradigm." Paper presented on 16 May 2023, University of Stellenbosch - Beyers Naude Centre for Public Theology.

Mokgethi, L.E. 2018. "An Autoethnographic Exploration into the Knowledge Acquisition Process of ukuthwasa at a Training School (lefehlo) in Soweto, Johannesburg." Master's Thesis, University of Witwatersrand.

Mtshiselwa, N. 2016. "Two Hundred Years of Methodism! A Black Theological Inquiry into the Heritage of Methodism in Southern Africa 1816-2016." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae. 42 (3): 102-120. https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/1248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/1248

Ngubane, J. B. 1984. "Theological Roots of the African Independent Churches and their Challenge to Black Theology, Black Theology and the Black Struggle Conference Report." Cape Town, 74-91.

Outler, A.C. 2008. "The Wesleyan Quadrilateral - In John Wesley." Wesleyan Theological Journal. 20 (1): 7-18.

The Methodist Church of Southern Africa. 2022. The Methodist Church of Southern Africa Yearbook. Cape Town: Methodist Publishing House.

Nel, A.B. 2020. "South African Missions, Methodism, Identity and Agency in the Cape, with Reference to the Klipfontein Mission Station, ca. 1800s-2010s." Master's Dissertation, University of Stellenbosch.

Nel, M., and Scholtz, E. 2016. "Calling, Is There Anything Special about it?" HTS Teologiese Studies 72 (4): 1-7.

https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v72i4.3183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v72i4.3183

Ngubane, J.B. 1984. "Theological Roots of the African Independent Churches and their Struggle." Conference Report: Challenge to Black Theology. Black Theology and the Black Struggle Conference. Cape Town, 74-91.

New International Version (NIV) .1999. Holy Bible. Vereeniging: Christian Art Publishers.

Ntombana, L. 2015. "The Trajectories of Christianity and African Ritual Practices: The Dilemma of Mainline or Mission Churches." Acta Theologica. 35 (2): 104-119. https://doi.org/10.4314/actat.v35i2.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/actat.v35i2.7

Orogun, D.O. 2023. "Hybrid Leadership in African Neo-Pentecostalism." Religions. 14 (632): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14050632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14050632

Schmidt, B. 2015. "Christianity as a Double-edged Sword in Colonial Africa." Africana Studies Student Research Conference. 1.

Van der Zeijst, M., Veiling, W., Mkhathini, E.M., Susser, E., Burns, J.K., Hoek, H.W., and Susser, I. 2021. "Ancestral Calling, Traditional Health Practitioner Training and Mental Illness." Transcultural Psychiatry. 58 (4): 471-485. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461520909615 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461520909615

Williams, D.M., and Bentley, W. 2020. "The Need for Continued Decolonisation and Africanisation of Ordination in the Methodist Church of Southern Africa." Theologia Viatorum. 44 (1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4102/tv.v44i1.50 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/tv.v44i1.50

Williams, R. 2014. Open to Judgement: Sermons and Address [Kindle version], Darton, Longman and Todd, London.

Downloads

Published

2024-05-10

How to Cite

Mokhutso, Jacob. 2024. “Hybridisation As a Normal Process of Life: A Contribution to the ‘Ukuthwasa’ Conversation Within the Methodist Church of Southern Africa”. Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 50 (1):17 pages. https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/13832.

Issue

Section

Articles
Received 2023-06-07
Accepted 2024-04-02
Published 2024-05-10