Accommodating New Modes of Work in the Era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Ghana: Some Comparative Lessons from the United Kingdom and South Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/2522-3062/11831Keywords:
Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), digital economy, gig workers, Labour Act 651 of 2003, statutory protection of workers, rights of workers, youth unemployment, labour regulationsAbstract
Over the past decade, Ghana has significantly improved in the digitalisation and transformation agenda. The digitalisation agenda has paved the way for creating an inclusive digital economy. Through this agenda, many Ghanaians now have access to digital platforms, particularly those in the financial and transportation sectors. The quest to digitalise the Ghanaian economy has also created an enabling platform for digital entrepreneurship. The digital economy ecosystem has presented many Ghanaians with economic and employment opportunities that did not exist in the traditional or mainstream economy. While the economic potential of the Ghanaian digital economy cannot be denied, the employment opportunities created by the digital transformation drive present some challenges for the traditional labour market. Moreover, the novel nature of the digital transformation drive poses some difficulties for the existing legal framework of labour laws in Ghana. In addition to examining how Ghana’s labour laws can accommodate gig workers, this article discusses the digital economy’s meaning and significance in Africa, particularly in Ghana. Furthermore, it discusses the new modes of work associated with the digital economy. In addressing the issue of whether the current legal framework in Ghana can accommodate gig workers, the article reflects on the nature of the relationship between gig workers and owners of digital platforms. The article accordingly deals with the issue of whether the Labour Act 651 of 2003 offers guidance in addressing the employment status of gig workers in Ghana. In dealing with whether gig workers are employees of digital platform providers, this article draws some comparative and judicial lessons from the legal position in the United Kingdom (UK) and South Africa. The article concludes with a call for the statutory protection of gig workers in Ghana.
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Cases
Ghana and Nigeria
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Volta Aluminium Co. Ltd v Akuffo and Others [2003-2004] SCGLR 1158.
UK and European Union
Byrne Bros (Formwork) Ltd v Baird [2002] ICR 667.
C-147/17 Syndicatul Familia Constanta v Directia Generala de Asistenta Sociala si Protectia Copilului Constanta [2019] ICR 211.
C-256/01 Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College [2004] ICR 1328.
C-316/13 Fenoll v Centre d’Aide par le Travail La Jouvene [2016] IRLR 67.
C-428/09 Union Syndicale Solidaires Isere v Premier Ministre & Others [2010] ECR I-9961.
C-66/85 Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Wurttemberg [1987] ICR 483.
Cotswold Development Construction Ltd v William [2006] IRLR 181.
Hashwani v Jivraj [2011] UKSC 40.
McCormick v Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP [2014] SCC 39.
Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd v Gunning [1986] ICR 145.
C-434/15 Association Professional Elite Taxi v Uber Systems Spain SL, 20.12.2017, EU:C:2017:981 <https://doi.org/10.5209/FORO.59022>
Uber BV & Others v Aslam and Others [2021] UKSC 5.
South Africa
Democratic Nursing Organisation of SA & Others v Somerset West Society for the Aged (2001) 22 ILJ 919.
Dempsey v Home & Property (1995) 16 ILJ 378 <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02645343> DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107110079501600611
Denel (Pty) Ltd v Gerber (2005) 26 ILJ 1256 (LAC).
Medical Association of South Africa & Others v Minister of Health & Another (1998) 18 ILJ 528 (LC).
Mpungose v Ridge Laundries CC (1999) 20 ILJ 704; Johnson v Piccollo Mama CC (2001) 22 ILJ 759 (CCMA).
Oosthuizen v CAN Mining & Engineering Supplies CC (1999) 20 ILJ 910.
Pam Golden Properties (Pty) Ltd v Erasmus & Others (2010) 31 ILJ 1460.
Phaka & Others v Bracks & Others (2015) 30 ILJ 1541 (LAC).
Smit v Workmen’s Compensation Commissioner [1979] 1 SA 51 (A).
South African Broadcasting Corporation v McKenzie (1999) 20 ILJ 585 (LAC).
State Technology Agency (Pty) Ltd v Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration & Others (2008) 29 ILJ 2234 (LAC).
Stein v Rising Tide Productions CC (2002) 23 ILJ 2017 <https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315196718-5> DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315196718-5
Tshabalala v Moroka Swallows Football Club Ltd (1991) 12 ILJ 389.
Von Backstrom & Others v Independent Electoral Commission (2000) 21 ILJ 267.
Wyeth SA (Pty) Ltd v Manqele & Others (2005) 26 ILJ 749 (LAC).
National Union of Metal Workers of South Africa (NUMSA) v Intervalve (Pty) Ltd [2015] 3 BLLR 205 (CC).
Other jurisdictions
AK, JH and JS v Uber Technologies Inc ALJ case no. 016-23858.
Barbara Ann Berwick v Uber Technologies Inc, A Delaware Corporation, and Raiser 11-46739 EK.
Heller v Uber Technologies Inc [2020] SCC 16.
O’Connor v Uber Technology Inc., 82 F. Supp. 3d, 113, 82F (ND. Cal. 2015).
SG Borello & Sons Inc v Department of Industrial Relations, 48 Cal. 3.d, 341 (S.C. 1989).
Uber Technologies Inc v Barbara Berwick GCG 15-546378.
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© Published by the Department of Public, Constitutional and International Law, University of South Africa and Unisa Press.
Accepted 2023-08-09
Published 2023-09-18
