Another Arrow in the Quiver? The Prospects and Challenges of Combating Corruption through a Specialised Court in Malawi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/2522-3062/15516Keywords:
Malawi, corruption, specialised courts, financial crimes, prospects and challengesAbstract
In 2022, an amendment to Malawi’s Courts Act created the Financial Crimes Division (FCD) of the High Court. This is a ‘specialised court’ meant to deal with any ‘financial crime matter.’ While the FCD has jurisdiction to deal with ‘financial crimes,’ it seems that one of the key motivations for its establishment was the creation of an avenue for expedited disposal of corruption-related cases. Through a doctrinal analysis with a comparative approach, this article examines the prospects of the FCD, particularly in the fight against corruption while advancing some recommendations for dealing with some of the possible challenges.
Metrics
References
Abimanyi J, ‘The Anti-Corruption Court: Where the Rich Meet Justice’ Daily Monitor (7 February 2013) quoted in John Hatchard, Combating Corruption: Legal Approaches to Supporting Good Governance and Integrity in Africa (Edward Elgar 2014).
Anders G, ‘Law Enforcement and High-Level Corruption in Malawi: Learning from Cashgate’ (Working Paper 8, Global Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence Project, 20 January 2021).
Anders G, Kanyongolo FE and Seim B, ‘Corruption and the Impact of Law Enforcement: Insights from a Mixed-Methods Study in Malawi’ (2020) 58(3) Journal of Modern African Studies <https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X2000021X>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X2000021X
Butt S, ‘Anti-Corruption Reform in Indonesia: An Obituary?’ (2011) 47(3) Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies <https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2011.619051>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2011.619051
Butt S, ‘Indonesia’s Regional Anti-Corruption Courts: Should they BeAbolished?’ (2012) 2(2) Indonesia Law Review <https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/ilrev/vol2/iss2/2/> DOI: https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v2n2.15
Butt S, ‘Indonesia’s Anti-Corruption Courts and the Persistence of Judicial Culture’ in Mellissa Crouch (ed), The Politics of Court Reform: Judicial Change and Legal Culture in Indonesia (Cambridge University Press 2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108636131.007
Butt S and Schütte SA, ‘Assessing Judicial Performance in Indonesia: The Court for Corruption Crimes’ (2014) 62(5) Crime, Law and Social Change <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10611-014-9547-1> DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-014-9547-1
Carson L, ‘Institutional Specialisation in the Battle Against Corruption: Uganda’s Anti-Corruption Court’ (2015) 3(1) The Public Sphere Journal <https://psj.lse.ac.uk/articles/24>
Chauluka J, ‘Case Backlog Chokes Courts’ The Times (4 October 2021) <https://times.mw/case-backlog-chokes-courts/?amp=1> accessed 14 October 2022.
Chauluka J, ‘Financial Crimes Court Bill Ready’ The Times (26 July 2022) <https://times.mw/financial-crimes-court-bill-ready/> accessed 17 October 2022.
Chilora SM, ‘Anti-Corruption Bureau Pushes Peter Mutharika’s TPin Probe to Next Year’ The Times (3 December 2022) <https://times.mw/anti-corruption-bureau-pushes-peter-mutharikas-tpin-probe-to-next-year/> accessed 15 December 2022.
Chingaipe H, ‘Malawi’ in Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa’ (ed), Effectiveness of Anti-Corruption Agencies in Southern Africa (OSISA 2017).
Chitete S, ‘Funding Woes Choke Government Agencies’ The Nation (4 May 2022) <https://mwnation.com/funding-woes-choke-government-agencies/> accessed 30 March 2023.
Chunga JJ and Nedi R, ‘Malawians Dissatisfied with Government Efforts on Corruption, Want Swift Action Against Corrupt’ (Afrobarometer Dispatch No 522, 26 May 2022) accessed 5 November 2022.
‘Commonwealth Latimer House Principles on the Three Branches of Government’ (first published 2003, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, September 2023).
Damle SV, ‘Specialize the Judge, Not the Court: A Lesson from the German Constitutional Court’ (2005) 91(5) Virginia Law Review <https://virginialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/1267.pdf.> accessed 14 October 2022.
Ellett R, Politics of Judicial Independence in Malawi (Report, Freedom House, July 2023) <https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/Politics%20of%20Judicial%20Independence%20in%20Malawi_1.pdf> accessed 1 December 2023.
Jomo F, ‘Malawi to Establish Anti-Corruption Court, Vice President Says’ Bloomberg (21 October 2013) accessed 17 October 2022.
Government of Malawi, ‘Consolidating Our Gains for Rapid Transformation’ (State of the Nation Address by His Excellency Professor Arthur Peter Mutharika on the Occasion of the Opening of the 1st Meeting in the 48th Session of Parliament and the 2019/2020 Budget Meeting, Lilongwe, 21 June 2019).
Government of Malawi, ‘Restoring Warmth to the Heart of Africa’ (State of the Nation Address by His Excellency Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera on the Occasion of the Opening of the 2020/2021 Budget Meeting, Lilongwe, 4 September 2020).
Gramckow H and Walsh B, ‘Developing Specialised Court Services: International Experience and Lessons Learnt’ (Justice and Development Working Paper Series, The World Bank, 2013).
Hall-Matthews D, ‘Tickling Donors and Tackling Opponents: The Anti-Corruption Campaign in Malawi’ in Sarah Bracking (ed), Corruption and Development: The Anti-Corruption Campaigns (Palgrave 2007). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230590625_4
Hatchard J, Combating Corruption: Legal Approaches to Supporting Good Governance and Integrity in Africa (Edward Elgar 2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781004371
Kadango L, ‘USA Hails Malawi’s Fight against Corruption’ Malawi Voice (New York, 21 September 2022) accessed 28 October 2022.
Kambani P, ‘Assets Forfeiture Key in Graft Fight – Chief Justice’ The Nation (22 August 2022) <https://mwnation.com/assets-forfeiture-key-in-graft-fight-chief-justice/> accessed 14 October 2022.
Kapindu RE, ‘Malawi Legal System and Research Resources’ (Houser Global Law School Program, January 2019) accessed 14 October 2022.
Kapindu RE ‘Introducing the Financial Crimes Division of the High Court of Malawi’ (Presentation at the Financial Sector Lawyers Forum 2022 Conference, Mangochi, Malawi, 5 November 2022).
King C, ‘“Hitting Back” at Organized Crime: The Adoption of Civil Forfeiture in Ireland’ in Colin King and Clive Walker (eds), Dirty Assets: Emerging Issues in the Regulation of Criminal and Terrorist Assets (Ashgate 2014).
Madeira LM and Geliski L, ‘An Analytical Model of the Institutional Design of Specialised Anti-Corruption Courts in the Global South: Brazil and Indonesia in Comparative Perspective’ (2021) 64(3) Rio de Janeiro <https://doi.org/10.1590/dados.2021.64.3.240> DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/dados.2021.64.3.240
Malawi Judiciary, ‘Strategic Plan 2019–2024.’
Malekezo F, ‘Chief Justice Hailed on Financial Crimes Division Appointments’ The Times (22 September 2022) <https://times.mw/chief-justice-hailed-on-financial-crimes-division-appointments/> accessed 12 October 2022.
Maphosa N, ‘Specialised Anti-Corruption Courts: A Means of Promoting Sustainable Transformation in Africa?’ (2019) 3 Journal of Anti-corruption Law <https://doi.org/10.14426/jacl.v3i1.1301> DOI: https://doi.org/10.14426/jacl.v3i1.1301
Marques F and Leakey K, ‘Trends and Practice of Special Courts and Specialised Judges in the Anti-Corruption Area’ (Technical Paper, Council of Europe, 2023).
Matonga G, ‘Malawi, the Land of Broken Promises’ (Chatham House, 3 August 2022) accessed 14 October 2022.
Martini M, ‘Anti-Corruption Specialization: Law Enforcement and Courts’ (Anti-Corruption Helpdesk, Transparency International, 28 January 2014).
Mkandawire M, ‘Govt Says it Has Hired 17 New Lawyers at ACB’ Malawi24 (12 September 2022) <https://malawi24.com/2022/09/12/govt-says-it-has-hired-17-new-lawyers-at-acb/> accessed 14 November 2022.
Mundopa M, ‘Zimbabwe’s Anti-Corruption Courts’ (U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Chr Michelsen Institute, U4 Brief 2021:3).
Mwale J, ‘ACB Moves to Speed Up Corruption Cases’ The Nation (9 December 2021) <https://mwnation.com/acb-moves-to-speed-up-corruption-cases/> accessed 15 October 2022.
Mzungu W, ‘Malawi Government to Establish Economic and Financial Crimes Court’ Nyasa Times (19 May 2022) <https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-govt-to-establish-economic-and-financial-crimes-court/> accessed 14 October 2022.
Nation Online, ‘Financial Crimes Court Bill Ready, Says Minister’ The Nation (4 July 2022) <https://mwnation.com/financial-crimes-court-bill-ready-says-minister/> accessed 17 October 2022.
Nkhata M, ‘Spotlight on the Guardians of the Gatekeepers: An Assessment of the Judicial Service Commission of Malawi’ (2018) 51(1) Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa.
Nkhata M, ‘A Hollow Commitment? Constitutional Promises and Anti-Corruption Efforts in Malawi’ in Charles M Fombad and Nico Steytler (eds), Corruption and Constitutionalism in Africa (Oxford University Press 2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.47348/AJCL/2020/a5
Nsereko DDN and Kebonang Z, ‘The Sadc Protocol against Corruption: Example of the Region’s Response to an International Scourge’ (2005) 1 University of Botswana Law Journal.
Oleksii D and others, ‘Specialised Anti-Corruption Court: Foreign Experience in Establishment and Operation’ (2020) 23(1) Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues accessed 18 November 2022.
Pondani M, ‘Martha Chizuma Pens Chief Justice on Case Delays’ The Times (24 August 2022) <https://times.mw/martha-chizuma-pens-chief-justice-on-case-delays/> accessed 20 October 2022.
Pondani M, ‘Special Court Delays Rile ACB’ The Times (2 June 2022) <https://times.mw/special-court-delays-rile-acb/> accessed 15 October 2022.
Republic of Malawi, ‘National Anti-Corruption Strategy II (2019-2024)’ <https://acbmw.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/03/NACS-II-1.pdf> accessed 12 October 2022.
Rose-Ackerman S, ‘Judicial Independence and Corruption’ in Diana Rodriguez and Linda Ehrichs (eds), Global Corruption Report 2007: Corruption in Judicial Systems (Cambridge University Press 2007).
Schatz F, ‘Madagascar’s Specialised Anti-Corruption Court: The Quest to end Impunity’ (U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Chr Michelsen Institute, U4 Brief 2019:2).
Schütte SA, ‘Specialised Anti-Corruption Courts: Indonesia’ (U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Chr Michelsen Institute, U4 Brief 2016: 4).
Schütte SA, ‘Specialised Anti-Corruption Courts: Uganda’ (U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Chr Michelsen Institute, U4 Brief 2016:5).
Schütte SA and Butt S, ‘The Indonesian Court for Corruption Crimes: Circumventing Judicial Impropriety?’ (U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Chr Michelsen Institute, U4 Brief 2013:5).
Sliusar A, ‘Anti-corruption Court in Ukraine: Preconditions for the Establishment and Guarantees for the Efficiency’ (Transparency International Ukraine, 16 February 2017) <https://ti-ukraine.org/en/news/anti-corruption-court-in-ukraine-preconditions-for-the-establishment-and-guarantees-for-the-efficiency/> accessed 18 November 2022.
Stephenson MC and Schütte SA, ‘Specialised Anti-Corruption Courts: A Comparative Mapping’ (U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Chr Michelsen Institute, U4 Issue 2016:7).
Stephenson MCand Schütte SA, ‘Specialised Anti-Corruption Courts – A Comparative Mapping: 2022 Update’ (U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Chr Michelsen Institute, U4 Issue 2022:14).
UNODC, ‘Technical Guide to the United Nations Convention against Corruption’ (United Nations 2009).
United Nations General Assembly, ‘Our Common Commitment to Effectively Addressing Challenges and Implementing Measures to Prevent and Combat Corruption and Strengthen International Cooperation (Political Declaration, Thirty-Second Special Session, 28 May 2021).
Vogel J, ‘The Legal Construction That Property Can Do Harm: Reflections on the Rationality and Legitimacy of “Civil” Forfeiture’ in Jon Petter Rui and Ulrich Sieber (eds), Non-Conviction-Based Confiscation in Europe: Possibilities and Limitations on Rules Enabling Confiscation Without a Criminal Conviction (Duncker and Humblot 2015).
Wolf ML, Goldstone R and Rotberg RI, The Progressing Proposal for an International Anti-Corruption Court (American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2022).
Cases
Angela Mphande t/a AN and G Investments v Financial Intelligence Authority [2023] Civil Cause No 32 (High Court, 19 September 2023).
Anti-Corruption Bureau v Chinkhadze and Another [2003] MWSC 3 (MSCA).
Bilderberg Limited and Dr William Bilderberg v Ecobank Malawi Limited and Financial Intelligence Authority [2022] Commercial Cause No 157 of 2022 (High Court, 26 October 2023).
George Kainja v Director of the Anti-Corruption Bureau and Others [2022] Judicial Review Cause No 48 of 2022 (High Court, 6 December 2022).
Mbale v Maganga [2015] MWSC 1 (MSCA).
Nadhi v Anti-Corruption Bureau [2010] MWSC 20 (MSCA).
Ng’ambi v Anti-Corruption Bureau [2010] MWSC 8 (MSCA).
Nsabimana v The State [2023] MWHC 42 (High Court).
Republic v Kingsley Kapanga [2023] Criminal Case No 4 of 2023 (High Court, 2 May 2023).
Republic v Mpinganjira [2021] MWHC 82 (High Court).
The State (On the application of Xelite Strips Limited and others) v The Director General of the Anti-Corruption Bureau [2023] MWHC 33 (High Court).
Wilfred Onyango Nganyi and Others v United Republic of Tanzania [2016] 1 AfCLR 507.
Domestic Legislation
Child Care, Protection and Justice Act, Cap. 26:03 Laws of Malawi.
Constitution of the Republic of Malawi, 1994.
Corrupt Practices Act, Cap. 7:04, Laws of Malawi.
Courts Act, Cap. 3:02, Laws of Malawi.
Criminal Procedure and Evidence Code, Cap. 8:01, Laws of Malawi.
Financial Crimes Act, Cap. 7:07, Laws of Malawi.
Financial Services Act, Cap. 44:05, Laws of Malawi.
Labour Relations Act, Cap. 54:01, Laws of Malawi.
Penal Code, Cap. 7:01, Laws of Malawi.
Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Act, Cap. 37:03, Laws of Malawi.
International Legal Instruments
African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (adopted 11 July 2003, entered into force 5 August 2006) (2004) 43 ILM. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020782900009724
SADC Protocol against Corruption (Signed 14 August 2001, entered into force on 6 July 2005).
United Nations Convention against Corruption (adopted 31 October 2003, entered into force 14 December 2005) 2349 UNTS 41.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
© Published by the Department of Public, Constitutional and International Law, University of South Africa and Unisa Press.
Accepted 2024-07-15
Published 2024-10-01