How Imperialism Sabotages African Sovereignty: The Contradictions between Economic Sanctions and Free Trade
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/2522-3062/15590Keywords:
imperialism, sanctions, African Continental Free Trade Agreement, Pan-Africanism, internationalism, International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism, neocolonialism, economic warfareAbstract
This paper highlights how sanctions regimes constitute economic warfare and are thus incompatible with free trade. It centres on the efforts of The International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism, which held a series of virtual hearings in 2023 to assess the impact of sanctions, blockades and economic coercive measures against various countries across Africa, Asia and Latin America. The participants of the Tribunal documented sanctions’ debilitating impact. As an economic weapon that perpetuates imperialist domination under neocolonial terms, sanctions undermine the power of free trade. This paper details the conclusions derived from the Tribunal to argue that the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) cannot succeed under conditions of imperialist economic coercion. Instead, the AfCFTA must be undergirded by a Pan-Africanist and internationalist ideological orientation that enables all African countries to operate on equal terms and as genuine trade partners.
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Anghie A and Chimni B, ‘Third World Approaches to International Law and Individual Responsibility in Internal Conflicts’ (2003) Chinese JIL.
Arnold G, The A to Z of the Non-Aligned Movement and Third World (Scarecrow Press 2010).
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Barghouti O, ‘BDS: Nonviolent, Globalized Palestinian Resistance to Israel’s Settler Colonialism and Apartheid’ (2021) Journal of Palestine Studies.
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Capasso M, Everyday Politics in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Syracuse University Press 2023).
Capasso M, ‘Libya Hearing: International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism’ (YouTube, 10 March 2023) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8mk8NcdgFY> accessed 16 October 2023.
Carter B and Farha R, ‘Overview and Operation of US Financial Sanctions, Including the Example of Iran’ (2013) Georgetown Journal of International Law.
Coto D, ‘UN Security Council Approves Sending a Kenya-Led Force to Haiti to Fight Violent Gangs’ (AP News, 2 October 2023) <https://apnews.com/article/haiti-un-kenya-armed-force-resolution-3749ac5db9d6c5903e61dee7b4206e6c> accessed 16 October 2023.
Cummings L, ‘Virgin Islands Hearing: International People’s Tribunal on U.S. Imperialism’ (YouTube, 17 September 2023) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYckcBTDPeo> accessed 16 October 2023.
Doutaghi H, Mullin C and Farnia N, ‘We Charge Imperialism: Position Paper & Working Framework’ (The International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism 2023) <https://sanctionstribunal.org/booklet/> accessed 16 October 2023.
Dubois L, Haiti: The Aftershocks of History (Picador 2012).
Dunbar-Ortiz R, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (Beacon Press 2014).
Elsadawi M, ‘Libya Hearing: International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism’ (YouTube, 10 March 2023) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8mk8NcdgFY> accessed 16 October 2023.
Fanon F, The Wretched of the Earth (first published 1961, Grove Press 1963).
Farnia N, ‘Haiti Findings’ (International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism, forthcoming).
Farnia N, ‘Zimbabwe Findings’ (International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism, forthcoming).
Fetouri M, ‘Libya Hearing: International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism’ (YouTube, 10 March 2023) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8mk8NcdgFY> accessed 16 October 2023.
Gibson C, ‘“There Is No Doubt That We Are Under Threat by the Negroes of Santo Domingo”: The Specter of Haiti in the Spanish Caribbean in the 1820s’ in Mathew Brown and Gabriel Pacquette (eds), Connections after Colonialism: Europe and Latin America in the 1820s (The University of Alabama Press 2012).
Gramsci A, Selections from the Prison Notebooks (International Publishers 1971).
Hansler J, ‘US Will Contribute $300 Million to Haiti’s Multinational Security Mission’ (CNN, 11 March 2024) <https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/11/americas/haiti-us-blinken-security-mission-intl-latam/index.html> accessed 14 May 2024.
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Hudson P, ‘Haiti Hearing: International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism’ (YouTube, 27 May 2023) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxfd0ogHMlw> accessed 16 October 2023.
Hufbauer G, Schott J, Elliott K, and Oegg B, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered (3rd edn, Peterson Institute for International Economics 2007).
International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism, ‘Final Verdict’ (forthcoming).
International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism, ‘Booklet’ (2023).
International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism, ‘Videos & Transcripts’ (2023) <https://sanctionstribunal.org/videos-transcripts/> accessed 6 March 2024.
Lamour S, ‘Haiti Hearing: International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism’ (YouTube, 27 May 2023) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxfd0ogHMlw> accessed 16 October 2023.
Lewis T, ‘The Peaceful, Deadly Violence of Embargo: Denaturalizing Hegemonic Discourses in International Relations Theory’ (MA thesis, University of Victoria 2019).
Mahler A, From the Tricontinental to the Global South: Race, Radicalism, and Transnational Solidarity (Duke University Press 2018).
Mamdani M, ‘The South Africa Moment’ (2015) Journal of Palestine Studies.
Matinyarare R, ‘Zimbabwe Hearing: International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism’ (YouTube, 16 February 2023) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uSvDMPBo4c> accessed 16 October 2023.
Miller J, ‘Closing Event’ (The International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism 2023) <https://sanctionstribunal.org/closing-event/> accessed 8 March 2024.
Mills C, ‘Virgin Islands Hearing: International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism’ (YouTube, 17 September 2023) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYckcBTDPeo> accessed 16 October 2023.
Mkodzongi G, ‘Zimbabwe Hearing: International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism’ (YouTube, 16 February 2023) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uSvDMPBo4c> accessed 16 October 2023.
Mulder N, The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War (Yale University Press 2022). https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300262520> 16 October 2023.
Nkrumah K, Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd. 1965).
Obregón L, ‘Empire, Racial Capitalism and International Law: The Case of Manumitted Haiti and the Recognition Debt’ (2018) Leiden Journal of International Law.
Office of Foreign Assets Control, ‘Sanctions Programs and Country Information’ (United States Government) <https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information> accessed 8 March 2024.
Pamphile L, Contrary Destinies: A Century of America’s Occupation, Deoccupation, and Reoccupation of Haiti (University Press of Florida 2017).
Parvizi M, ‘Iran Hearing: International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism’ (YouTube, 24 April 2023) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAuzbrzht4g> accessed 16 October 2023.
Patnaik U and Patnaik P, A Theory of Imperialism (Columbia University Press 2016).
Patterson W (ed), We Charge Genocide: The Historic Petition to the United Nations for Relief from a Crime of the United States Government Against the Negro People (International Publishers 1970 [1951]).
Pierre J, ‘Haiti Hearing: International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism’ (YouTube, 27 May 2023) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxfd0ogHMlw> accessed 16 October 2023.
Ranger T, Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe: A Comparative Study (University of California Press 1985).
Ripsman N and Paul T, Globalization and the National Security State (Oxford University Press 2010). https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393903.003.0002>16 October 2023.
Saint Paul J, ‘Haiti Hearing: International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism’ (YouTube, 27 May 2023) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxfd0ogHMlw> accessed 16 October 2023.
Smith D, ‘Tony Blair Plotted Military Intervention in Zimbabwe, Claims Thabo Mbeki’ (The Guardian, 27 November 2013) <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/27/tony-blair-military-intervention-zimbabwe-claim> accessed 16 October 2023.
Staff Reporter, ‘ECOWAS Lifts Sanctions on Niger Amid Tensions in West Africa Bloc’ (Al Jazeera, 24 February 2024) <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/24/ecowas-lifts-sanctions-on-niger-amid-tensions-in-west-africa-bloc> accessed 9 March 2024.
Staff Reporter, ‘Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso Establish Sahel Security Alliance’ (Al Jazeera, 16 September 2023) <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/mali-niger-and-burkina-faso-establish-sahel-security-alliance> accessed 9 March 2024.
Swindells F, ‘UN Sanctions in Haiti: A Contradiction Under Articles 41 and 55 of the UN Charter’ (1996) Fordham International Law Journal.
Thisen J, ‘The Design of Structural Adjustment Programs: The African Alternative Framework Debt’ (1991) Africa Development.
Tandwa L, ‘US Congress Receives Bill to Review SA Relations Following “Politically Motivated” ICJ case’ (Mail & Guardian, 10 February 2024) <https://mg.co.za/politics/2024-02-10-breaking-us-congress-introduces-bill-to-review-relations-with-south-africa-following-politically-motivated-icj-case/> accessed 10 March 2024.
Toumi H, ‘Libya Hearing: International People’s Tribunal on U.S. Imperialism’ (YouTube, 10 March 2023) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8mk8NcdgFY> accessed 16 October 2023.
Trouillot M, Haiti: State against Nation: The Origins & Legacy of Duvalierism (Monthly Review Press 1990).
Tzanakopoulos A, ‘We Who Are Not as Others: Sanctions and (Global) Security Governance’ in Robin Geiß and Nils Melzer (eds), The Oxford Handbook on the International Law of Global Security (Oxford University Press 2020).
US Department of the Treasury, ‘Treasury Sanctions Zimbabwe’s President and Key Actors for Corruption and Serious Human Rights Abuse’ (United States Government 4 March 2024) <https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy2154?_gl=1*eqes66*_gcl_au*MTY0MzU5NTczMC4xNzEwMDQ2NTMy> accessed 9 March 2024.
Wall C, ‘Human Rights and Economic Sanctions: The New Imperialism’ (1998) Fordham International Law Journal.
Wheeler T, ‘The Africa-South America Summit, 27–28 September 2009’ (SAIIA, 30 September 2009) <https://saiia.org.za/research/the-africa-south-america-summit-27-28-september-2009/> accessed 16 October 2023.
Whitaker G, ‘Virgin Islands Hearing: International People’s Tribunal on US Imperialism’ (YouTube, 17 September 2023) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYckcBTDPeo> accessed 16 October 2023.
White House, ‘Executive Order on the Termination of Emergency with Respect to the Situation in Zimbabwe’ (United States Government 4 March 2024) <https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2024/03/04/executive-order-on-the-termination-of-emergency-with-respect-to-the-situation-in-zimbabwe/?_gl=1*pglpja*_gcl_au*MTY0MzU5NTczMC4xNzEwMDQ2NTMy> accessed 9 March 2024.
Williams E, Capitalism and Slavery (University of North Carolina Press 1994 [1944]).
Wintle C, ‘The Human Rights Movement Against Apartheid South Africa: The Impact of Boycotts, Divestment, and Sanctions’ (2016) Waterloo Historical Review.
Zarate J, Treasury’s War: The Unleashing of a New Era of Financial Warfare (PublicAffairs 2013).
Legislation
UNSC, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 (2011) S/RES/1973.
UNSC, United Nations Security Council Resolution 2653 (2022) S/RES/2653.
Treaties and Conventions
US Office of Indian Affairs, ‘Treaty of Fort Jackson’ (9 August 1814) <https://americanindian.si.edu/static/nationtonation/pdf/Treaty-of-Fort-Jackson-1814.pdf> accessed 16 October 2023.
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2024-08-26
How to Cite
Farnia, Navid. 2024. “How Imperialism Sabotages African Sovereignty: The Contradictions Between Economic Sanctions and Free Trade”. Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa 57 (3):35 pages. https://doi.org/10.25159/2522-3062/15590.
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