Critical Hard Skills for Information and Knowledge Management in South Africa

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-659X/10712

Keywords:

Hard skills, Technical skills, Information and Knowledge Management, Delphi study

Abstract

Hard skills are central to achieving efficiency and productivity and are critical for demonstrating competency in many socioeconomic setups. The challenge, however, is that there is a plethora of conceptualisations of hard skills depending on the context in which they are considered. Many fields have explicitly itemised the hard skills relevant to success. However, this is not the case with the Information and Knowledge Management (IKM) field due to its multidisciplinary nature. Understanding specific hard skills needed is vital because it facilitates the development and advancement of a given profession. The lack of a clearly understood combination of hard skills means that IKM cannot grow and be at the centre of the 4IR. Consequently, IKM will not adequately contribute to socioeconomic development. This study aimed to understand specific hard skills relevant to contemporary IKM practitioners, especially in the South African and contextually similar contexts. The study used a Delphi study approach where experts shared their opinions in two rounds of data collection. Ninety-seven skills were identified; however, a consensus was reached on 23. This study serves as a stepping stone toward creating a framework fit to guide IKM practitioners on their journey to success. The framework will also act as a guide for students through identifying the hard skills that need to be developed early while still in their schooling career. Furthermore, the framework can act as a guide for curriculum development.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Abdalla, A., and A. Varol. 2019. “Advantages to Disadvantages of Cloud Computing for Small-sized Business.” In 7th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security, Portugal, 10–12 June 2019. IEEE, New Jersey. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISDFS.2019.8757549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISDFS.2019.8757549

Adom, D., E. K. Hussein, and J. A. Agyem. 2018. “Theoretical and Conceptual Framework: Mandatory Ingredients of a Quality Research.” International Journal of Scientific Research 7 (1): 438–441.

Adriaenssen, D. J., and J. Johannessen. 2016. “Paradigms in Information Science: Steps towards a Systemic Paradigm for Information Science.” Kybernetes 45 (1): 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-01-2015-0028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/K-01-2015-0028

Ahmed, S., and A. Sheikh. 2021. “Information and Communication Technology Skills among Library and Information Science Professionals: A Predictor of Enhanced Library Services.” Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 53 (3): 444–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000620962162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000620962162

Ali, S., and S. Ahmed. 2021. “Information Literacy Skills among Library and Information Science Professionals: A Forecaster of Research Support Services.” Library Hi Tech 40 (6): 1689–1704. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-05-2021-0157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-05-2021-0157

Baker, M., and S. Schaltegger. 2015. “Pragmatism and New Directions in Social and Environmental Accountability Research.” Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal 28 (2): 263–294. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-08-2012-01079. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-08-2012-01079

Baskerville, R. 2014. “Rigour.” In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Action Research, edited by D. Coghlan, and M. Brydon-Miller, 691–92. London: SAGE.

Beal, B. 2016. “In Touch with the Softer Side of MBAs: But Importance of Hard Skills Subjects Emphasised.” Development and Learning in Organisations 30 (2): 31–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/DLO-12-2015-0099. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/DLO-12-2015-0099

Bronstein, J. 2015. “An Exploration of the Library and Information Science Professional Skills and Personal Competencies: An Israeli Perspective.” Library and Information Science Research 37 (2): 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2015.02.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2015.02.003

Bronstein, J., and O. Nebenzahl. 2020. “Developing Scales for Identifying and Classifying Library and Information Science Skills and Competencies: An Israeli Perspective.” Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 52 (1): 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000618792390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000618792390

Chell, E., and R. Athayde. 2011. “Planning for Uncertainty: Soft Skills, Hard Skills and Innovation.” Reflective Practice 12 (5): 615–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2011.601561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2011.601561

Cibangu, S. K. 2013. “A Memo of Qualitative Research for Information Science: Toward Theory Construction.” Journal of Documentation 69 (2): 194–213. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220411311300048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00220411311300048

Cummings, C. L. 2018. “Cross-sectional Design.” In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods, edited by M. Allen, 315–317. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

Dar, A. A. 2018. “Cloud Computing-positive Impacts and Challenges in Business Perspective.” Journal of Computer Science and Systems Biology 12 (1): 15–18. https://doi.org/10.4172/jcsb.1000294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/jcsb.1000294

DeLong, D., and M. Elbeck. 2018. “An Exploratory Study of the Influence of Soft and Hard Skills on Entry Level Marketing Position Interviews.” Marketing Education Review 28 (3): 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10528008.2017.1349475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10528008.2017.1349475

Encheva, M., P. Zlatkova, N. Ö. Keskin, and I. Vatansever. 2017. “Mobile and Information Literacy Perceptions and Skills of Library and Information Sciences and Humanities Students from Bulgaria and Turkey.” International Information and Library Review 49 (2): 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2017.1314145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2017.1314145

Essendorfer, B., J. Sander, M. S. Nistor, A. Hoffmann, and S. Pick. 2020. “Distributed Data and Information Management for Crisis Forecasting and Management.” In The 3rd International Conference on Human Systems Engineering and Design: Future Trends and Applications, Croatia, 22–24 September 2020. University of Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik.

Fan, C. S., X. Wei, and J. Zhang. 2016. “Soft Skills, Hard Skills, and the Black/White Wage Gap.” Economic Inquiry 55 (2): 1032–1053. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12406

Florea, R., and V. Stray. 2019. “A Global View on the Hard Skills and Testing Tools in Software Testing.” In The 14th International Conference on Global Software Engineering (ICGSE), Montreal, 24–26 May 2019. IEEE, New Jersey. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGSE.2019.00035. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGSE.2019.00035

Foerster-Metz, U. S., and N. Golowko. 2018. “The Need for Digital and Soft Skills in the Romanian Business Service Industry.” Management and Marketing: Challenges for the Knowledge Society 13 (1): 831–847. https://doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2018-0008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2018-0008

Gale, A. J., M. A. Duffey, S. Park-Gates, and P. F. Peek. 2017. “Soft Skills versus Hard Skills: Practitioners’ Perspectives on Interior Design Interns.” Journal of Interior Design 42 (4): 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/joid.12105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joid.12105

Gnanasambandam, C., M. Harrysson, S. Srivastava, and Y. Wu. 2017. “Product Managers for the Digital World. McKinsey and Company.” Accessed January 10, 2022. www.mckinsey.com/industries/high-tech/our-insights/product-managers-for-the-digital-world.

Hebert, A. 2018. “Information Literacy Skills of First-year Library and Information Science Graduate Students: An Exploratory Study.” Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 13 (3): 32–52. https://doi.org/10.18438/eblip29404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18438/eblip29404

Hendarman, A. F., and U. Cantner. 2018. “Soft Skills, Hard Skills, and Individual Innovativeness.” Eurasian Business Review 8, 139–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-017-0076-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-017-0076-6

Hossain, M. D., and E. Sormunen. 2019. “ICT Skills of Library and Information Science (LIS) Students in Bangladesh.” International Information and Library Review 51 (4): 285–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2018.1559661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2018.1559661

Indeed. 2021. “Analytical Skills: Definitions and Examples.” Accessed January 10, 2022. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/resumes-cover-letters/analytical-skills.

Joglekar, N., and V. Nagaraj. 2017. Digital Product Management Thinking: Integrating Analytics, Business Model, Coordination and Design Thinking. California: Senseshaping Ventures LLC.

Juznic, P., and J. Urbanija. 2003. “Developing Research Skills in Library and Information Science Studies.” Library Management 24 (6/7): 324–331. https://doi.org/10.1108/01435120310486048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01435120310486048

Kačamakovic, M. K. 2021. “Requirements of Organisation for Soft Skills as an Influencing Factor of their Success.” Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10 (1): 295–303. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0025

Kadiri, J. A., and N. A. Adetoro. 2012. “Information Explosion and the Challenges of Information and Communication Technology Utilization in Nigerian Libraries and Information Centres.” Ozean Journal of Social Sciences 5 (1): 21–30.

Kassim, M., K. Katunzi-Mollel, and K. Mwantimwa. 2023. “Assessing Library and Information Science Graduates’ Skills and Knowledge Against 21st-Century Employability Demands.” International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions 49 (2): 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352221118695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352221118695

Katuli-Munyoro, P., and S. M. Mutula. 2019. “Redefining Library and Information Science Education and Training in Zimbabwe to Close the Workforce Skills Gaps.” Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 51 (4): 915–926. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000617748472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000617748472

Lok, B., M. Cheng, and C. Choong. 2021. “The Relationship between Soft Skills Training and Development, Human Resource Outcome and Firm Performance.” International Journal of Business and Society 22 (1): 382–402. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3184.2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3184.2021

Losee, R. M. 2017. “Information Theory for Information Science: Antecedents, Philosophy, and Applications.” Education for Information 33 (1): 23–35. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-170987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-170987

Liu, G., J. He, and X. Xuan. 2021. “A Data Preservation Method Based on Blockchain and Multidimensional Hash for Digital Forensics.” Complexity 1, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5536326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5536326

Lyu, W., and J. Liu. 2021. “Soft Skills, Hard Skills: What Matters Most? Evidence from Job Postings.” Applied Energy 300, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117307

Martins, S., I. C. Lopes, and M. Carvalho. 2021. “Perceptions of the Skills of Graduates in the Library and Information Science and Technology Degree of P. Porto, Portugal: A Statistical Data Analysis of the Alignment between Students, Teachers, and Employers.” Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 16 (3): 46–66. https://doi.org/10.18438/eblip29944. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18438/eblip29944

Mills, A. J., G. Durepos, and E. Wiebe. 2012. “Credibility.” In Encyclopedia of Case Study Research, 243–244. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

Morales-Rodriguez, R., A. S. Meyer, K. V. Gernaey, and G. Sin. 2011. “A Framework for Model-based Optimisation of Bioprocesses under Uncertainty: Identifying Critical Parameters and Operating Variables.” Computer Aided Chemical Engineering 29, 1455–1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-54298-4.50070-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-54298-4.50070-2

Okeji, C. C., O. M. Ilika, and E. E. Baro. 2020. “Assessment of Information Literacy Skills: A Survey of Final Year Undergraduates of Library and Information Science in Nigerian Universities.” Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication 69 (6/7): 521–535. https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-10-2019-0130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-10-2019-0130

Patacsil, F. F., and C. L. S. Tablatin. 2017. “Exploring the Importance of Soft and Hard Skills as Perceived by it Internship Students and Industry: A Gap Analysis.” Journal of Technology and Science Education 7 (3): 347–368. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.271

Pieterse, V., and M. van Eekelen. 2016. “Which Are Harder? Soft Skills or Hard Skills?” In 45th Annual Conference of the Southern African Computer Lecturers’ Association, South Africa, 5–6 July 2016. New York: SpringerLink.

Puig, A., and C. M. Adams. 2018. “Delphi Technique.” In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation, edited by B. B. Frey, 480–483. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

Rasheva-Yordanova, K., E. Iliev, and B. Nikolova. 2018. “Analytical Thinking as a Key Competence for Overcoming the Data Science Divide.” In The Proceedings of EDULEARN18 Conference, Mallorca, 2–4 July 2018. Conducted by the International Academy of Technology, Education and Development (IATED). https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2018.1833. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2018.1833

Robinson, L. 2009. “Information Science: Communication Chain and Domain Analysis.” Journal of Documentation 65 (4): 578–591. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220410910970267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00220410910970267

Salkind, N. J. 2011. “Delphi Technique.” In Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics, 241–246. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

Seadle, M. 2012. “Library Hi Tech and Information Science.” Library Hi Tech 30 (2): 205–209. https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831211239915. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831211239915

Setiana, S. M., L. Setiawati, and M. Mustaqim. 2019. “Hard Skills versus Soft Skills: How Do They Affect Different Job Types of Japanese Language Graduates?” International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 18 (11): 176–192. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.18.11.10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.18.11.10

Sharma, A., A. Karamchandani, D. Dave, A. Patel, and N. Doshi. 2022. “Database Management Systems: An Efficient, Effective, and Augmented Approach for Organisations.” In ICT with Intelligent Applications, edited by T. Senjyu, P. N. Mahalle, T. Perumal, and A. Joshi. Volume 248. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4177-0_47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4177-0_47

Shao, J., Y. Ibrahim, and S. M. Embury. 2005. “An Approach to Tracking Data Derivation in Information Systems.” In The Fifth International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT’05). New Jersey: IEEE.

Shaqour, E. N. 2022. “The Role of Implementing BIM Applications in Enhancing Project Management Knowledge Areas in Egypt.” Ain Shams Engineering Journal 13 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.05.023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.05.023

Sibiya, P. T. 2023. “Knowledge, Skills and Competencies of the Library Information Science School’s Graduates on Digital Scholarship in South Africa.” Internet Reference Services Quarterly 27 (2): 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875301.2023.2180562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10875301.2023.2180562

Sibiya, P. T., and P. Ngulube. 2023. “Perceptions of Employers in South Africa on Library and Information Science Graduates’ Skills, Knowledge and Competencies on Digital Scholarship.” Heliyon 9 (2): e13531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13531

Son, K., and Kyu-Bok, Lee. 2021. “Effect of Computer Literacy on the Working Time of the Dental CAD Software Program.” Journal of Prosthodontic Research 65, 255–260. https://doi.org/10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_20_00030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_20_00030

Staunton C., K. Tschigg, and G. Sherman. 2021. “Data Protection, Data Management, and Data Sharing: Stakeholder Perspectives on the Protection of Personal Health Information in South Africa.” Plos One 16 (12): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260341

Subaveerapandiyan, A., P. Sinha, and J. E. Ugwulebo. 2022. “Digital Literacy Skills among African Library and Information Science Professionals: An Exploratory Study.” Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication.

Succi, C., and M. Wieandt. 2019. “Walk the Talk: Soft Skills Assessment of Graduates.” European Journal of Management and Business Economics 28 (2): 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMBE-01-2019-0011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMBE-01-2019-0011

Thriveni, T. K., G. S. Pritam, and C. S. R. Prashanth. 2013. “A Review of Cloud Security.” In 2nd International Conference on Information and Communication Engineering. New Jersey: IEEE.

Tian, H., M. Presa-Reyes, Y. Tao, T. Wang, S. Pouyanfar, M. Alonso Jr, S. Luis, M. Shyu, S. Chen, and S. S. Iyengar. 2021. “Data Analytics for Air Travel Data: A Survey and New Perspectives.” ACM Computing Surveys 54 (8): 167–201. https://doi.org/10.1145/3469028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3469028

Torres, M. F., N. Flores, and R. T. Torres. 2020. “Fostering Soft and Hard Skills for Innovation among Informatics Engineering Students: An Emancipatory Approach.” Journal of Innovation Management 8 (1): 20–38. https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_008.001_0004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_008.001_0004

UX Planet. 2017. Information Architecture: Basics for Designers. Accessed January 10, 2022. https://uxplanet.org/information-architecture-basics-for-designers-b5d43df62e20.

Valk, R., and G. Planojevic. 2021. “Addressing the Knowledge Divide: Digital Knowledge Sharing and Social Learning of Geographically Dispersed Employees during the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 9 (4): 591–621. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-02-2021-0019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-02-2021-0019

Wambui, T. W., A. W. Kibui, and E. Gathuthi. 2012. Communication Skills, Volume 1. Saarbrücken: LAP Lambert publishing.

Wisshak, S., and S. Hochholdinger. 2020. “Perceived Instructional Requirements of Soft-skills Trainers and Hard-skills Trainers.” Journal of Workplace Learning 32 (6): 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-02-2020-0029. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-02-2020-0029

Zins, C. 2006. “Redefining Information Science: From ‘Information Science’ to ‘Knowledge Science’.” Journal of Documentation 62 (4): 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220410610673846. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00220410610673846

Published

2023-08-18

How to Cite

Mabe, Kagiso, and Kelvin Bwalya. 2023. “Critical Hard Skills for Information and Knowledge Management in South Africa”. Mousaion: South African Journal of Information Studies 41 (1):25 pages . https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-659X/10712.

Issue

Section

Articles
Received 2022-02-10
Accepted 2023-07-26
Published 2023-08-18