Accessibility and Regulation in Lesotho’s Informal Transport Sector: A Sustainable Livelihoods Concern

Abstract

The informal transport sector plays a critical role in Lesotho, especially given the historically underdeveloped formal transport infrastructure, challenging topography, and limited funding. Although the government initially operated bus services in mountainous regions, these routes proved financially unviable. As such, private operators gradually filled in to meet the mobility needs of a growing urban population. As factories developed in urban areas, demand for transport increased, but formal options remained insufficient. Informal operators, especially the “4+1” taxis (cars carrying four passengers plus the driver), became a key solution. Imported Japanese cars enabled these operators to serve both urban and previously disconnected rural areas. This provided passengers with flexible, accessible, and faster services. Using a sustainable livelihoods framework, we conducted semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and analysed policy frameworks in Lesotho’s transport sector to understand the underlying issues of passenger accessibility and driver regulation. We found that, despite their contributions, the 4+1 taxis have attracted criticism for causing traffic congestion, accidents, and criminal activity. However, participants acknowledged that 4+1s remain crucial for affordable and efficient transport, particularly for low-income populations. We therefore argue for a balanced approach, advocating regulation and law enforcement to improve safety while recognising the essential role of these taxis in enhancing mobility in Lesotho, thereby addressing concerns about sustainable livelihoods.