South African Social Workers’ Lived Experiences of Client Violence

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/2708-9355/9748

Keywords:

Social workers, clients, workplace violence, client violence

Abstract

Studies on the workplace protection of social workers indicate that this group is at high risk of being subjected to client violence during their careers. In this article, we report on the qualitative phase of a larger study investigating client violence among South African social workers. The objective of this study was to explore South African social workers’ experiences of client violence. We used a purposively selected sample to identify participants for semi-structured qualitative interviews. The data were analysed by implementing Tesch’s approach of thematic analysis. The primary themes that emerged are normalising client violence, identifying precursors to violence, defining elements in the process and the aftermath of client violence. These themes and related subthemes were used to construct a conceptual model to better understand the client violence in the delivery of social work services in South Africa. We conclude with recommendations for further research in this area.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Ant, H. S., M. J. Ema Sacadura-Leite, R. Rui, and F. Serranheira. 2020. “Workplace Violence in Healthcare : A Single-Center Study on Causes, Consequences and Prevention Strategies.” Acta Médica Portuguesa 33 (1): 31–37. https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.11465. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.11465

Ashton, R. A., L. Morris, and I. Smith. 2018. “A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis of Emergency Department Staff Experiences of Violence and Aggression.” International Emergency Nursing 39: 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2017.12.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2017.12.004

Avander, K., A. Heikki, K. Bjerså, and M. Engström. 2016. “Trauma Nurses’ Experience of Workplace Violence and Threats: Short and Long-term Consequences in a Swedish Setting.” Journal of Trauma Nursing 23 (2): 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTN.0000000000000186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JTN.0000000000000186

Beattie, J., K. Innes, D. Griffiths, and J. Morphet. 2018. “Healthcare Provider’s Neurobiological Response to Workplace Violence Perpetrated by Consumers: Informing Directions for Staff Well-being.” Applied Nursing Research 43: 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2018.06.019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2018.06.019

Bresler, S., and M. B. Gaskell. 2015. “Risk Assessment for Patient Perpetrated Violence: Analysis of Three Assaults Against Healthcare Workers.” National Library of Medicine 51 (1): 73–77. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-141888. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-141888

Creswell, J. W., and D. J. Creswell. 2018. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. London: Sage.

Du, Y., W. Wang, D. J. L. Washburn, T. S. D. Shinduk, H. Zhang, and J. E. Maddock. 2020. “Violence Against Healthcare Workers and Other Serious Responses to Medical Disputes in China: Surveys of Patients at 12 Public Hospitals.” BMC Health Services Research 20 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05104-w. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05104-w

Egerton-Warburton, D., A. Gosbell, A. Wadsworth, K. Moore, D. B. Richardson, and D. M. Fatovich. 2016. “Perceptions of Australasian Emergency Department Staff of the Impact of Alcohol-Related Presentations.” Medical Journal of Australia 204: 155–155. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja15.00858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5694/mja15.00858

Enosh, G., S. S. Tzafrir, and A. Gur. 2013. “Client Aggression Toward Social Workers and Social Services in Israel – A Qualitative Analysis.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28 (6): 1123–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512468230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512468230

Field, R. A. 2011. “Safety Training for the Prevention of Client Violence.” Master’s thesis, University of Regina.

Flynn, J. 2019. “Workplace Violence Prevention: Liability Recommendations.” Journal of Legal Nurse Consulting 30 (2): 24–29. https://doi.org/10.30710/jlnc.30.2.2019.24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30710/JLNC.30.2.2019.24

Grinnell, R., P. Gabor, and Y. Unrau. 2019. Program Evaluation for Social Workers: Foundations of Evidence-based Programs. New York: Oxford University Press.

Guest, G., A. Bunce, and L. Johnson. 2006. “How Many Interviews Are Enough? An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability.” Field Methods 18: 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903

Han, C-Y., C-C. Lin, A. Barnard, Y-C. Hsiao, S. Goopy, and L-C. Chen. 2017. “Workplace Violence Against Emergency Nurses in Taiwan: A Phenomenographic Study.” Nursing Outlook 65 (4): 428–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2017.04.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2017.04.003

Hassankhani, H., N. Parizad, J. Gacki-Smith, A. Rahmani, and E. Mohammadi. 2018. “The Consequences of Violence Against Nurses Working in the Emergency Department: A Qualitative Study.” International Emergency Nursing 39: 20–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2017.07.007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2017.07.007

Hinsenkamp, M. 2013. “Violence Against Healthcare Workers.” International Orthopaedics 37 (12): 2321–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-013-2129-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-013-2129-5

Howell, S. 2019. “Description of the South African Context.” In The Codes of the Street in Risky Neighborhoods: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Youth Violence in Germany, Pakistan, and South Africa, edited by W. Heitmeyer, S. Howell, S. Kurtenbach, A. Rauf, M. Zaman and S. Zdun, 93–106. New York: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16287-0_8

Johannes, M. K. 2014. “Exploring Social Workers’ Experiences Regarding Workplace Violence.” Master’s thesis, University of the Witwatersrand.

Johnson, C. H., P. S. Knight, M. W. Krumper, and J. H. Rademaker. 1980. “A Generalist Approach to Social Work Practice: Models and Synthesis.” Master’s thesis, Portland State University.

Kim, H. J., and K. Hopkins. 2017. “Child Welfare Workers’ Home Visit Risks and Safety Experiences in the USA: A Qualitative Approach.” International Journal of Social Work and Human Services Practice 5 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.13189/ijrh.2017.050101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13189/ijrh.2017.050101

Levitt, H. M., Z. Morrill, K. M. Collins, and J. L. Rizo. 2021. “The Methodological Integrity of Critical Qualitative Research: Principles to Support Design and Research Review.” Journal of Counselling Psychology 68 (3): 357–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000523

Mento, C., M. C. Silvestri, A. Bruno, M. R. A. Muscatello, C. Cedro, G. Pandolfo, and R. A. Zoccali. 2020. “Workplace Violence Against Healthcare Professionals: A Systematic Review.” Aggression and Violent Behaviour 51: 1359–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101381

Minayo, M. C. D. S., E. R. de Sousa, M.M. da Silva, and S.G. de Assis. 2018. “Institutionalizing the Theme of Violence within Brazil’s National Health System: Progress and Challenges.” Ciencia e Saude Coletiva 23 (6): 2007–16. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018236.04962018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018236.04962018

Nieuwenhuis, J. 2019. “Qualitative Research Designs and Data-Gathering Techniques.” In First Steps in Research, edited by K. Maree, 72–100. Pretoria: Van Schaik.

Noak, J., S. Wright, J. Sayer, A. M. Parr, R. Gray, D. Southern, and K. Gournay. 2002. “The Content of Management of Violence Policy Documents in United Kingdom Acute Inpatient Mental Health Services.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 37 (4): 394–401. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02096.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02096.x

Nowell, L. S., J. M. Norris, D. E. White, and N. J. Moules. 2017. “Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 16: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847

Pacheco, E., M. Cunha, and J. Duarte. 2016. “Violence, Aggression and Fear in the Workplace.” Paper presented at the second international conference on Health and Health Psychology, Porto, Portugal, 6–9 July. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.07.02.3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.07.02.3

Poggenpoel, M. 1998. “Data Analysis in Qualitative Research.” In Research at Grass Roots: A Primer for the Caring Professions, edited by A. S. de Vos, 339–354. Pretoria: Van Schaik.

Pollack, D. 2010. “International Legal Note: Social Work and Violent Clients: An International Perspective.” International Social Work 53 (2): 277–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872809357285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872809357285

Pretorius, L. 2021. “A Policy Framework to Protect South African Social Workers Against Client Violence.” PhD thesis, North-West University.

Ramacciati, N., A. Ceccagnoli, A. Beniamino, E. Lumin, and L. Rasero. 2017. “Violence Towards Emergency Nurses: A Narrative Review of Theories and Frameworks.” International Emergency Nursing 39: 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2017.08.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2017.08.004

Ramacciati, N., A. Ceccagnoli, A. Beniamino, and L. Rasero. 2018. “Violence Towards Emergency Nurses. The Italian National Survey 2016: A qualitative study.” International Journal of Nursing Studies 81: 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.01.017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.01.017

Rey, L. D. 1996. “What Social Workers Need to Know about Client Violence.” Families in Society 77 (1): 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.839. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.839

Strydom, H. 2021. “Sampling Techniques and Pilot Studies in Quantitative Research.” In Research at Grass Roots: For the Social Sciences and Human Services Professions, edited by C. B. Fouché, H. Strydom and W. J. H. Roestenburg, 227–246. Pretoria: Van Schaik.

Tabane, S. M. 2017. “The Experience of Employees Regarding Workplace Violence in the National Department of Social Development.” Master’s thesis, University of Pretoria.

Tzafrir, S. S., G. Enosh, and A. Gur. 2015. “Client Aggression and the Disenchantment Process among Israeli Social Workers: Realizing the Gap.” Qualitative Social Work 14 (1): 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325013509827. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325013509827

Yang, J. B., and J. Y. Kim. 2015. “The Relationship between Client Violence and Secondary Traumatic Stress among South Korean Public Social Welfare Specialists: The Mediating Effects of Coping Strategies.” Information 18 (9): 3897–903. https://doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.101.16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.101.16

Van Leeuwen, M. E., and J.M. Harte. 2011. “Violence against Care Workers in Psychiatry: Is Prosecution Justified?” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 34 (5): 317–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.08.011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.08.011

Zillermann, D. 1988. “Cognitive Excitation Interdependencies in Aggressive Behaviour.” Aggressive Behaviour 14: 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1988)14:1<51::AID-AB2480140107>3.0.CO;2-C DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1988)14:1<51::AID-AB2480140107>3.0.CO;2-C

Zimunya, S., A. Hashim, and N. Alpaslan. 2022. “Experiences of Service-User Violence and Coping Strategies Employed During Social Service Delivery: Suggestions for Ensuring Social Workers’ Personal Safety.” Social Work 58 (1). https://doi.org/10.15270/58-1-996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15270/58-1-996

Downloads

Published

2022-11-30

How to Cite

Pretorius, Luce, and Alida Glaudina Herbst. 2022. “South African Social Workers’ Lived Experiences of Client Violence”. Southern African Journal of Social Work and Social Development 34:20 pages. https://doi.org/10.25159/2708-9355/9748.
Received 2021-07-13
Accepted 2022-07-13
Published 2022-11-30