Insights Into Trauma and Resilience: An Exploration of the Psychological Outcomes of Girl Child Abuse After Disasters

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/2957-3645/19212

Keywords:

trauma, resilience, psychological outcomes, girl child abuse, post-disaster

Abstract

This qualitative study aims to explore the psychological experiences of girl child abuse survivors in post-disaster contexts. It emphasises the interplay of trauma, resilience and cultural influences on their recovery. A total of 32 participants, 11 girl child abuse survivors (ages 14 to 17) and 21 community members (women = 13; men = 8; age range 20 to 65 years), were engaged through semi-structured interviews and focus-group discussions. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were employed to gather rich qualitative data which were analysed thematically to identify key findings. The analysis revealed three primary themes: the psychological outcomes of abuse, factors influencing resilience, and the effectiveness of interventions. The participants reported lasting mental health challenges, emotional neglect and stigma, which highlight the need for immediate psychological support and community-based programmes. They emphasised the importance of family dynamics and cultural norms in shaping resilience. The findings have significant implications for achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3 (good health and well-being), SDG 4 (quality education) and SDG 5 (gender equality). The research findings are able to inform policy and programmatic efforts aimed at creating trauma-sensitive interventions that empower vulnerable populations and foster resilience and recovery.

Author Biographies

Memory Matsikure Cheure, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences

Department of Applied Psychology, Lecturer, Community Psychologist

Maurice Kwembeya, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences

Department of Applied Psychology, Lecturer

Allen Mutumwa, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences

Department of Human resource Management, Lecturer

Liberty D. Mudzengerere, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences

Department of Applied Accounting, Lecturer

Collen Kajongwe, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences

Department of Human Resource Management, Lecturer

Douglas Makaririsa, University of Zimbabwe

Department of Applied Psychology, Lecturer, Industrial Psychologist

Rudo Nyandima Zengeya, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences

Department of Tourism and Hospitality, Lecturer

References

Aldrich, D. P. (2012). Building resilience: Social capital in post-disaster recovery. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226012896.001.0001

Bengesai, A. V., & Chikhungu, L. (2024). Violence against women and girls in Zimbabwe: A review of a decade of the empirical literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 26(4), 769–788. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380241291074

Biernacki, P., & Waldorf, D. (1981). Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological Methods & Research, 10(2), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/004912418101000205

Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20

Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 671–682. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.671

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674028845

Brymer, M., Jacobs, A., Layne, C., Pynoos, R., Ruzek, J., Steinberg, A., Vernberg, E., & Watson, P. (2006). Psychological first aid: Field operations guide (2nd ed.). National Child Traumatic Stress Network & National Center for PTSD.

Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (Eds.). (2012). Trauma-focused CBT for children and adolescents: Treatment applications. Guilford Press.

Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage.

Domhardt, M., Münzer, A., Fegert, J. M., & Goldbeck, L. (2015). Resilience in survivors of child sexual abuse: A systematic review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16(4), 476–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014557288

Dyregrov, A., Yule, W., & Olff, M. (2018). Editorial: Children and natural disasters. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1500823

Fischer, K. R., Bakes, K. M., Corbin, T. J., Fein, J. A., Harris, E. J., James, T. L., & Melzer-Lange, M. D. (2019). Trauma-informed care for violently injured patients in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 73(2), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.10.018

Harris, M., & Fallot, R. D. (2001). Envisioning a trauma-informed service system: A vital paradigm shift. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 2001(89), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.23320018903

Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2000). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Landau, J., & Saul, J. (2004). Facilitating family and community resilience in response to major disaster. In F. Walsh & M. McGoldrick (Eds.), Living beyond loss: Death in the family (2nd ed., pp. 285–309). W. W. Norton & Company.

Lerner, R. M. (2017). Commentary: Studying and testing the positive youth development model: A tale of two approaches. Child Development, 88(4), 1183–1185. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12875

Lomeli-Rodriguez, M., Parrott, E., Bernardino, A., Rahman, A., Direzkia, Y., & Joffe, H. (2024). Psychological resilience following disasters: A study of adolescents and their caregivers. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 30(4), 483–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2024.2391903

Lucas, E. L., & Brown, L. M. (2021). Evidence-based treatment for mental health care post-disaster. In K. E. Cherry & A. Gibson (Eds.), The intersection of trauma and disaster behavioral health (pp. 187–205). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51525-6_11

Matsikure Cheure, M. & Ngcobo-Sithole, M. (2024). Advancing resilience in the face of adversity: A psychosocial exploration of Chimanimani’s experience with Cyclone Idai and COVID-19. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 60(8), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096241284387

Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412995658

Mutizwa, B. (2023). Policy communities and natural disasters: Cyclone Eline and Idai in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Law and Public Policy, 5(2), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijlapp-0502.538

Muzari, W., Rukuni, M., Svubure, O., Gatsi, W., Jambwa, D., Mavima, G., Tsiko, T., Mukava, M., Rwakatiwana, P., Muchandiona, A., Pandasvika, E., Zhakata, D., & Kabote, F. (2024). An investigation into the efficiency of functioning of the local authority as a crucial element of community resilience to climate-related disasters. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 21(3), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2024/v21i3780

Ncube, S. (2017). An evaluation of the programs implemented by the NGOs and government to promote children’s rights: A focus on illegal child migrants in ward 5 Mwenezi district in Zimbabwe. Midlands State University.

Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., & Watson, P. J. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part II. Summary and implications of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 65(3), 240–260. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.65.3.240.20169

Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Sage.

Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Layne, C. M., Liang, L.-J., Vivrette, R. L., Briggs, E. C., Kisiel, C., Habib, M., Belin, T. R., & Fairbank, J. A. (2014). Modelling constellations of trauma exposure in the national child traumatic stress network core data set. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(Suppl 1), S9–S17. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037767

Rahmani, M., Muzwagi, A., & Pumariega, A. J. (2022). Cultural factors in disaster response among diverse children and youth around the world. Current Psychiatry Reports, 24, 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01356-x

Save the Children. (2013). Psychological first aid training manual for child practitioners. Save the Children: Child Rights Resource Centre. https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/save-children-psychological-first-aid-training-manual-child-practitioners

Shabahang, R., Arena, A.-S., Navis, I., Kuhls, D., Newton, C., & Burke, R. V. (2025). Factors associated with resilience in children during a disaster: A scoping review. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 19, e52. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2024.341

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). SAMHSA’s concept of trauma and guidance for a trauma-informed approach. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14–4884. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.health.ny.gov/health_care/medicaid/program/medicaid_health_homes/docs/samhsa_trauma_concept_paper.pdf

Tol, W. A., Barbui, C., Galappatti, A., Silove, D., Betancourt, T. S., Souza, R., Golaz, A., & Van Ommeren, M. (2011). Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: Linking practice and research. Lancet, 378(9802), 1581–1591. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61094-5

Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2006). Sex differences in trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 959–992. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959

Ungar, M. (Ed.). (2012). The social ecology of resilience: A handbook of theory and practice. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0586-3

UNICEF. (2020). For every child, reimagine. UNICEF Annual Report 2019. https://www.unicef.org/reports/annual-report-2019

UNICEF. (2023). Caring for child survivors of sexual abuse guidelines (2nd Ed.). https://www.unicef.org/media/155226/file/CCS%20Guidelines%20Final%20.pdf

United Nations. (1989). Convention on the rights of the child. Article 24. https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention

Walsh, F. (2007). Strengthening family resilience (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

Women Leaders Network for Development. (2025). Mental health of survivors of gender-based violence in West and Central Africa. https://rflgd.org/2025/03/04/mental-health-of-survivors-of-gender-based-violence-in-west-and-central-africa/

Published

2026-03-16

How to Cite

Matsikure Cheure, M., Kwembeya, M., Mutumwa, A., Mudzengerere, L. D., Kajongwe, C., Makaririsa, D., & Nyandima Zengeya, R. (2026). Insights Into Trauma and Resilience: An Exploration of the Psychological Outcomes of Girl Child Abuse After Disasters. Social and Health Sciences, 19 pages . https://doi.org/10.25159/2957-3645/19212

Issue

Section

Articles
Received 2025-03-25
Accepted 2026-02-02
Published 2026-03-16