White Bread and Whitewashing: Whiteness and Food in Marlene van Niekerk’s Triomf
Abstract
Marlene van Niekerk’s Triomf, published in Afrikaans in the year of South Africa’s transition to democracy, and in English five years later, remains one of the most powerfully cogent deconstructions of whiteness and Afrikaner nationalism to have appeared in local literature in the last twenty five years. While a relatively large body of scholarship has analysed Van Niekerk’s interrogation of whiteness in the novel, this article focuses specifically on the everyday quotidian practices through which whiteness is maintained and perpetuated as an epistemic formation. Most Afrikaans and English criticism briefly emphasises food imagery in Triomf to signify not only the Benades’ economic impoverishment but also their moral and cultural degeneracy: the Benades – the family on which the novel centres – subsist on an unwholesome diet of margarine-smeared white bread, polony and Klipdrift brandy. However, critics’ cursory mentions of food imagery do not do justice to the nuanced and dexterous manner in which Van Niekerk employs food discourse to destabilise whiteness and show it up as a heterogenous construction. In this article, I analyse instances in the novel where the family interacts with food in various spaces in order to offer new and different ways in which whiteness can be read productively in the South African context.
Opsomming
Marlene van Niekerk se roman, Triomf, verskyn in 1994 in Afrikaans toe Suid-Afrika amptelik oorgegaan het na ’n demokratiese bestel. Die Engelse vertaling van die roman verskyn vyf jaar daarna. Geweeg teen ander literêre tekste wat ook binne die afgelope 25 jaar plaaslik verskyn het, bly Triomf tot op hede een van die mees oortuigende dekonstruksies van witwees en Afrikanernasionalisme. Terwyl daar reeds ’n betreklik uitvoerige korpus navorsing bestaan wat handel oor Van Niekerk se ondervraging van witwees in dié roman, is hierdie artikel spesifiek gemoeid met sekere alledaagse praktyke waardeur witwees as epistemiese struktuur onderhou en voort-gesit word. Die meerderheid bestaande Afrikaans- en Engelstalige kritiek oor die roman beklemtoon kortliks die kosbeelde in Triomf as tekenend van nie net die Benades se ekonomiese verarming nie, maar ook van hulle morele en kulturele agteruitgang. Die Benades – die gesin waaroor die roman handel – oorleef op ’n ongesonde dieet van margarien- en polonietoebroodjies en Klipdrift-brandewyn. Kritici se sydelingse opmerkings oor die kosbeelde in die roman bespreek egter nie na behore die genuanseerde en behendige wyse waarop Van Niekerk kosdiskoerse inspan om witwees te destabiliseer en ontbloot as veelsoortige konstruksie nie. In hierdie artikel ontleed ek gevalle in Triomf waarin die gesin in verskillende ruimtes met kos omgaan, ten einde nuwe en uiteenlopende wyses daar te stel waarop witwees produktief binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks gelees kan word.
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