Converted Spaces, Contained Places: Robinson Crusoe's Monologic World

Abstract

Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe ([1719)1985) is primarily defined by a mythic conversion experience as the novel's core narrative structure traces the hero's transition from social isolation and disconnection to self-actualisation and social reintegration. This conversion process is exemplified by Crusoe's appropriation of the island, as this space becomes the site onto which all of his anxieties and aspirations are inscribed and which is consequently "transformed" from untamed wilderness into a cultivated "paradise" that bears testament to both Enlightenment rectitude and Western accomplishment. Thus, Robinson Crusoe constructs a con­crete cultural space that represents a social totality in an imaginatively accessible and appealing manner. Such a cultural space, though imaginary, naturalises constructions of "home" and "empire" by interpreting the unknown in terms of the known. Crusoe's island is thereby transformed into a utopia of eighteenth-century British, middle-class values. Defoe therefore managed to naturalise and normalise constructions of space which before had been unfamiliar to his eighteenth-century readership.
   This article will examine how Crusoe's conversion of an unknown, marginal and ambiguous geographical locale into a prototypical British colony is defined by various processes of spatial conversion and cultural inscription. In the process, the island space is recast as a monologic world, a place that stands oblivious to the various ambiguities and contradictions contained within its representation.

Opsomming

Robinson Crusoe deur Daniel Defoe ([1719]1985) bestaan hoofsaaklik uit 'n mitiese omkeringservaring deurdat die teks se sentrale narratiewe struktuur die held se oor­gang van 'n toestand van maatskaplike isolasie en diskonneksie na selfverwesen­liking en sosiale herintegrasie beskryf. Hierdie omkeringsproses word vergestalt in die wyse waarop Crusoe die eiland vir homself toeeien, aangesien hierde ruimte die terrein word waarbinne al sy angste en aspirasies opgeneem word. Gevolglik word die eiland getransformeer van ongetemde "wildernis" tot gekultiveerde "paradys" wat getuig van sowel die morele korrektheid van die Verligtingsera as Westerse bekwaamheid. Sodoende stel Robinson Crusoe 'n konkrete kulturele ruimte daar wat 'n sosiale totaliteit op 'n toeganklike en aantreklike wyse uitbeeld. Hoewel denkbeeldig, stel hierdie kulturele ruimte konstruksies van "vaderland" en "empire" as natuurlik voor deur die onbekende in terme van die bekende uit te druk. Crusoe se eiland word sodoende getransformeer tot 'n utopie van agtiende-eeuse, Britse middelklaswaardes. Defoe slaag dus daarin om konstruksies van ruimte wat voorheen vreemd was vir die agtiende-eeuse leserspubliek, te naturaliseer en normaliseer.
    Hierdie artikel ondersoek die wyse waarop Crusoe se omwerking van 'n on­bekende, marginale en dubbelsinnige geografiese plek tot 'n prototipiese Britse kolonie gedefinieer word deur verskillende prosesse van ruimtelike omkering en kulturele inskripsie. In die proses word die eilandruimte herskep tot 'n monologiese wereld, 'n plek waarbinne die dubbelsinnighede en weersprekings wat die re­presentasie daarvan behels, verswyg word.