Female Sexualities under a Patriarchal Microscope: An Interrogation of Buchi Emecheta’s Double Yoke
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/1753-5387/16769Keywords:
chastity, double standard, policing, purity myth, Stiwanism, sexualityAbstract
This qualitative study amplifies the endemic policing of female bodies by patriarchal ideology whereby the sexual lives of African women are often suppressed whereas men receive little to no scrutiny. The paper thematically analyses Emecheta’s purposively sampled novel Double Yoke (1983) to interrogate the aforementioned problem which is still relevant to the present collective African milieu. Stiwanism is employed as a theoretical lens particularly because of its advocacy for bodily autonomy and selfhood as part of the important freedoms that African women should be afforded in the realisation of social transformation. The main finding was that throughout African history, this prejudiced supervision has existed and consequences included psychological harm as well as ostracisation. Therefore, this study recommends that sexual rights bills be supplemented by sociopolitical will and that African societies be conscientised. To ensure the overall wellbeing of all members in society, biased beliefs about sexuality should be abolished.
Metrics
References
Addison, C. 2010. Enlightenment and Virginity.” Inkanyiso: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2 (2): 71–77. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC112675
Adeyemi, S. 2012. “Performing Myths, Ritualising Modernity: Dancing for Nomkhubulwana and the Reinvention of Zulu Tradition.” In A Gazelle of Savannal Sunday Ododo and the Framing of Techno- Cultural Performance in Nigeria: Theatre, Culture, Literature, Art, edited by O. S. Omoera, S. Adeyemi, and B. Bineba, 435–445. Rochester, UK: Alpha Crownes Publishers. https://core.ac.uk/reader/19206990
Adichie, C. N. 2017. Dear Ijeawele, or a Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions. London: Harper Collins Publishers.
Agbogu, A. E., and B. Igbokwe. 2015. “Gender Profiling in Nigeria: The Case of the Igbos of Southeastern Nigeria.” International Journal of African Society Cultures and Traditions 2 (2): 1–10. http://www.eajournals.org/wp- content/uploads/Gender-Profiling-In-Nigeria-The-Case-of-the-Igbos-of- Southeastern-Nigeria.pdf
Baloyi, M. E. 2016. “The ‘Vat-en-Sit’ Unions as a Threat to the Stability of African Marriage in South Africa: African Theological Pastoral Perspective.” Phronimon 17 (2): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3086/2016/1955
Bhana, D. 2016. “Virginity and Virtue: African Masculinities and Femininities in the Making of Teenage Sexual Cultures.” Sexualities 19 (4): 465–481. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460715613298
Buxbaum, L. 2020. “Risking Intimacy in Contemporary South African Fiction.” In Fiction in the Age of Risk, edited by T. Hughes-d’Aeth, and G. Nabizadeh, 85–98. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351026420-7
Chakraborty, R. 2018. “This 400-Year-Old Custom Still Forces Virginity Testing to Brides in India.” Business Standard, 21 February 2018. https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/this-400-year-old-custom-still-forces-virginity-tests-on-brides-in-india-118022100133_1.html
Chisale, S. S. 2017. “Patriarchy and Resistance: A Feminist Symbolic Interactionist Perspective of Highly Educated Married Black Women.” MA diss., University of South Africa.
Chisale, S. S. 2020. “The Purity Myth: A Feminist Disability Theology of Women’s Sexuality and Implications for Pastoral Care.” Scriptura: Journal for Biblical, Theological and Contextual Hermeneutics 119 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.7833/119-1-1606
Curry, G. 2004. Awakening African Women: The Dynamics of Change. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Press.
de Beauvoir, S. 1953. The Second Sex. London: Lowe and Brydone Ltd.
Dlamini, S. R. 2007. “Distance Education as One of the Collaborative Measures Against HIV and AIDS in Swaziland.” Malaysian Journal of Distance Education 9 (1): 103–115. http://mjde.usm.my/vol9_1_2007/mjde9_1_8.pdf
Emecheta, B. 1974. Second Class Citizen. New York: George Braziller.
Emecheta, B. 1979. The Joys of Motherhood. New York: Braziller
Emecheta, B. 1983. Double Yoke. New York: George Braziller.
Froschauer, U. M. 2016. “The Wedding Performance: Gender Inequality and System Justification in the White Wedding.” PhD diss., University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Gómez-Berrocal, C., N. Moyano, A. Álvarez-Muelas, and J. C. Sierra. 2022. “Sexual Double Standard: A Gender-Based Prejudice Referring to Sexual Freedom and Sexual Shyness.” Frontiers in Psychology 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1006675
Gupta, R. 2000. “Modeling Sexual Activity among School Girls in Zambia.” Journal of Family Issues 21 (2): 170–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251300021002002
He, G. 2009. “English and Chinese Cultural Connotation of Color Words in Comparison.” Asian Social Science 5 (7): 160–163. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v5n7p160
Ibitoye, T. R., and F. Ajagunna. 2021. “Sexual Autonomy and Violence Against Women in Nigeria: Assessing the Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic.” De Jure Law Journal 54 (1): 141–159. https://doi.org/10.17159/2225-7160/2021/v54a9
Ikpe, E. B. 2004. “Human Sexuality in Nigeria: A Historical Perspective.” Understanding Human Sexuality Seminar Series. Lagos: Africa Regional Sexuality Resource Center.
International Rescue Committee. 2018. International Rescue Committee Annual Report 2018. International Rescue Committee, 4 July 2019. https://www.rescue.org/resource/international-rescue-committee-annual-report-2018
Izugbara, C. O. 2007. “Constituting the Unsafe: Nigerian Sex Workers’ Notions of Unsafe Sexual Conduct.” African Studies Review 50 (3): 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1353/arw.2008.0025
Khumalo, S., M. Mabaso, T. Makusha, and M. Taylor. 2021. “Intersections between Masculinities and Sexual Behaviors among Young Men at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.” SAGE Open 11 (3): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211040114
Macleod, C. I., J. H. Reynolds, and R. Delate. 2024. “Violence Against Women Who Sell Sex in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Scoping Review.” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 25 (1): 691–703. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231160847
May, E. R. 2003. “Virginity Testing: Towards Outlawing the Cultural Practical Practice that Violates Our Daughters.” PhD diss., University of the Western Cape.
Mehrolhassani, M. H., V. Yazdi-Feyzabadi, S. Mirzaei, F. Zolala, A. A. Haghdoost, and N. Oroomiei. 2020. “The Concept of Virginity from the Perspective of Iranian Adolescents: A Qualitative Study.” BMC Public Health 20 (717): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08873-5
Melodious, M. M. 2022. “Gender Inequality in South African Nguni Cultures, as Portrayed in Selected Nguni Literary Texts.” MA diss., University of Pretoria.
Mhlongo, S. P. 2009. “Reasons for Undergoing Virginity Testing: A Study of Young People in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.” PhD diss., University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Mohanty, C. T. 1994. The Slate of Life: More Contemporary Stories by Women Writers of India. Edited by Kali For Women. New York: Feminist Press at CUNY.
Monagan, S. L. 2010. “Patriarchy: Perpetuating the Practice of Female Genital Mutilation.” ResearchGate, May 2010. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44199729_Patriarchy_Perpetuating_the_Practice_of_Female_Genital_Mutilation
Moussaoui, D., J. Abdulcadir, and M. Yaron. 2022. “Hymen and Virginity: What Every Paediatrician Should Know.” Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 58 (3): 382–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15887
Mulumeoderhwa, M. 2018. “Virginity Requirement Versus Sexually-Active Young People: What Girls and Boys Think About Virginity in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 47: 565–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1038-x
Muñoz García, A., B. Gil-Gómez de Liaño, and D. Pascual-Ezama. 2021. “Gender Differences in Individual Dishonesty Profiles.” Frontiers in Psychology 12: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.728115
Naula, M., J. J. Owor, and C. W. Gulere. 2018. “A Study of the Portrayal of Virginity in Ugandan Novels.” International Journal of English and Literature 9 (4): 25–30. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJEL2018.1170
Ndebele, N. 2020. “Do the Children Act Provisions Which Legalize Virginity Testing Violate any of the Constitutional Rights of Girls?” PhD diss.,, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Ngwenya, M. 1995. “The Custom of Chastity and Sexual Restraint.” MA diss., University of Pretoria.
Nkohla-Ramunenyiwa, T. 2020. “Virtuality and Subjective Realities: A Freedom-Based Ergon for the Modern African Parent.” Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology 20 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/20797222.2021.1887572
Nkosi, G. S. 2019. “The Role of uMkhosi WoMhlanga (Reed Dance) and Indoni Cultural Events Through the Eyes of Young Women in KwaZulu-Natal: A Cultural Tourism Approach.” African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 8 (2): 1–12. https://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_17_vol_8_2__2019.pdf
Nxumalo, N. 2014. “An Examination of the Dynamism Between Church Growth and a Vibrant Sunday-School Programme: A Case Study of Nine Protestant Churches in Manzini, Swaziland.” DTh diss., South African Theological Seminary.
Ogundipe-Leslie, M. 1994. Re-Creating Ourselves: African Women & Critical Transformations. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Ogunyemi, C. O. 1996. Africa Wo/Man Palava: The Nigerian Novel by Women. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ojedoja, S., and A. S. Abubakar. 2018. “Tradition and Modernity in Adebowale’s The Virgin and Out of His Mind.” African Research Review 12 (4): 116–127. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v12i4.12
Olaoye, E., and A. Zink. 2021. “The Muslim Woman’s Body as a Speakerly Text: The Gendered Embodiment of Religion, Trauma and Shame in Abubakar Adam Ibrahim’s Season of Crimson Blossoms.” ResearchGate, September 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354522762_THE_MUSLIM_WOMAN%27S_BODY_AS_A_SPEAKERLY_TEXT_THE_GENDERED_EMBODIMENT_OF_RELIGION_TRAUMA_AND_SHAME_IN_ABUBAKAR_ADAM_IBRAHIM%27S_SEASON_OF_CRIMSON_BLOSSOMS
Poudel, K. C., K. P. Tandukar, S. Nakahara, J. Yasuoka, and M. Jimba. 2011. “Knowing the Consequences of Unprotected Sex with Seroconcordant Partner is Associated with Increased Safer Sex Intentions Among HIV-Positive Men in Kathmandu, Nepal.” Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 29 (3): 191–199. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v29i3.7866
Raihana, S. N., and S. N. Ghufron. 2023. “The Concept of Virginity from the Perspective of Islam and Muslim Women.” An-Nisa: Journal of Gender Studies 16 (2): 269–288. https://doi.org/10.35719/annisa.v16i2.183
Rotundi, L. 2020. The Issue of Toxic Masculinity. Libera Universita’ Internazionale Degli Studi Sociali.
Sithole, N. 2016. Isaiah Shembe’s Hymns and the Sacred Dance in Ibandla lamaNazaretha. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004320628
Thabede, H. N. 2020. “Rituals as Cultural Coffins? Towards Reintegrating Divorced Women into Society: A Pastoral Theological Study.” MA diss., Stellenbosch University.
Tseëlon, E. 1995. The Masque of Femininity: The Presentation of Woman in Everyday Life. London: Sage.
Valenti, J. 2010. The Purity Myth: How America's Obsession with Virginity is Hurting Young Women. London: Hatchette UK.
Wagner, B. 2009. “Book Review: The Purity Myth: How America’s Obsession With Virginity Is Hurting Young Women by Jessica Valenti.” Spaces for Difference: An Interdisciplinary Journal 2 (1): 56–58. https://escholarship.org/content/qt5fj9g4xx/qt5fj9g4xx.pdf
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Lethabo Masha, Mphoto Johannes Mogoboya
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Accepted 2024-08-28
Published 2024-09-23