Threading Intsomi Elements in Kgafela oa Magogodi’s Chilahaebolae
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/1753-5387/19933Keywords:
Intsomi, folklore, Blackness, Kgafela oa Magogodi, ChilahaebolaeAbstract
The series of events in Kgafela oa Magogodi’s Chilahaebolae, wherein animal characters are in contention with humans, has often been read through Western genre conceptions, while negating features that are unequivocally reminiscent of African oral storytelling traditions. This work intervenes by evaluating elements of intsomi and the supernatural in Magogodi’s theatre play, noting how the play is intelligible when Blackness is a lens of focus. Blackness provides a critique of symbolic notions of humanism, civil society, and the political landscape that is predominantly anti-Black. Intsomi is evoked as a genre in contrast to realism that is premised on the exclusion of the supernatural and Blackness; thus, each tenet is discussed in relation to how the traditional intsomi unfolds, and how Magogodi maintains its historicity. Intsomi epitomises Black Optimism, articulating a refusal of fungibility and offering African knowledge systems as a deviation from Western genre concepts premised on the exclusion of Blackness. The (un)critical overreliance in Western genre forms in reading Chilahaebolae, as some critics have argued, is perceived as repurposing Western systems in reading African artistic works, which presupposes a Western reader, thus failing to meet the objectives of this play. This work threads elements of intsomi, providing a novel interpretation of Magogodi’s play.
References
The African Theatre Magazine. 2021. “Chilahaeboalae Showcases the Richness of African Folklore.” The African Theatre Magazine, July 19. https://www.theafricantheatremagazine.com/chilahaeboalae-showcases-the-richness-of-african-folklore/.
Baraka, A. 2009. Digging: The Afro-American Soul of American Classical Music. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bekhta, N. 2017. “We-Narratives: The Distinctiveness of Collective Narration.” Narrative 25 (2): 164–181. https://doi.org/10.1353/nar.2017.0008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/nar.2017.0008
Bell, D., and J. U. Jacobs. 2009. Ways of Writing: Critical Essays on Zakes Mda. Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Biko, S. 1996. I Write What I Like. London: Bowerdean Press.
Bowers, M. A. 2004. Magic(al) Realism. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203625002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203625002
Chimuka, T. A. 2015. “Witches, Sellouts in Zimbabwe’s War of Liberation.” In Philosophy in African Traditions and Cultures: Zimbabwean Philosophical Studies, II, edited by F. Mangena, T. A. Chimuka, and F. Mabiri, 103–193. Washington, DC: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
Derrida, J. 1980. “The Law of Genre.” Critical Inquiry 7 (1): 55–81. https://doi.org/10.1086/448088. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/448088
Diamond, C. 2023. “Performing the Insect and Its Mysterious Metamorphosis.” TDR: The Drama Review 67 (4): 72–103. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1054204323000436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1054204323000436
Dyer, U. 2024. “Ubuntu and the More-Than-Human: Lessons from African and African Diaspora Feminists.” Project Muse 36 (3): 119–137. https://doi.org/10.1353/ff.2024.a950664. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/ff.2024.a950664
Eaton, K. 2021. “Djeli.” World Literature Today 95 (2): 52–54. https://doi.org/10.7588/worllitetoda.95.2.0052. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/wlt.2021.0103
Ebine, S. A. 2019. “The Role of Griots in African Oral Tradition among the Manding.” Approaches in International Journal of Research Development 11 (1): 1–10. https://globalacademicgroup.com/journals/approaches/V11N1P23-2019_Approaches.pdf.
Faris, W. B. 2004. Ordinary Enchantments: Magical Realism and the Remystification of Narrative. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv17vf68f. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv17vf68f
Fowler, A. 1982. Kinds of Literature: An Introduction to the Theory of Genres and Modes. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gervás, P. 2016. “Computational Drafting of Plot Structures for Russian Folk Tales.” Cognitive Computation 8 (2): 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-015-9338-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-015-9338-8
Grimm, J., and W. Grimm. 2013. Grimms’ Fairy Tales. London: Harper Press.
Haimila, R. 2023. “Beyond Scientific Worldviews: Belief in Science and ‘Supernatural’ Explanations in Science-Oriented Individuals.” PhD diss., University of Helsinki. https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstreams/6fe10adb-0735-4c0a-a22b-409665edcc16/download.
Hart, S. M., and W.-C. Ouyang. 2005. A Companion to Magical Realism. London: Tamesis Books.
Hart, W. D. 2018. “Constellations: Capitalism, Antiblackness, Afro-pessimism and Black Optimism.” American Journal of Theology and Philosophy 39 (1): 5–33. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjtheophil.39.1.0005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjtheophil.39.1.0005
Kertzer, J. 2025. “Trio Da Kali and the Mande Griot Tradition in the Era of the Global Griot.” The World of Music 14 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.59998/2025-14-1-2303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59998/2025-14-1-2303
Magogodi, K. G. 2023. “Mogaga: Play, Power and Purgation.” PhD diss., University of the Witwatersrand.
Mda, Z. 1995. Ways of Dying. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, South Africa.
Milazzo, M. 2025. Colourblind Tools: Global Technologies of Racial Power. Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg Press.
Mkonto, B. B. 2009. “The Role of the Nameless in isiXhosa Ntsomi.” Literator: Journal of Literary Criticism, Comparative Linguistics and Literary Studies 30 (2): 89–106. https://doi.org/10.4102/lit.v30i2.80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/lit.v30i2.80
Moropa, C. K. 1986. “Art of Drama in Intsomi Narration.” South African Journal of African Languages 6 (2): 91–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1986.10586657. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1986.10586657
Moudileno, L. 2006. “Magical Realism: ‘Arme miraculeuse’ for the African Novel?” Research in African Literatures 37 (1): 28–41. https://doi.org/10.2979/RAL.2006.37.1.28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2979/RAL.2006.37.1.28
Moten, F. 2013. “Black and Nothingness (Mysticism in the Flesh).” The South Atlantic Quarterly 112 (4): 737–780. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-2345261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-2345261
Morris, G. 1989. “Theatrical Possibilities of the Traditional Xhosa Iintsomi: What Do They Offer Here and Now?” South African Theatre Journal 3 (2): 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/10137548.1989.9687980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10137548.1989.9687980
Mudimbe, V.Y. 1985. “African Gnosis Philosophy and the Order of Knowledge: An Introduction.” African Studies Review 28 (2): 149–233. https://doi.org/10.2307/524605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/524605
Mupotsa, D. S. 2022. “Black Common Sense.” Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity 36 (4) :62–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2022.2200103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2022.2200103
Nagy, M. 2012. “Proper Names and Their Role in Social Ontology.” Organon F 19: 137–147. http://www.klemens.sav.sk/fiusav/doc/organon/prilohy/2012/2/137-147.pdf.
Neale, S. 1990. “Questions of Genre.” Screen: The Journal of the Society for Education in Film and Television 31 (1): 45–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/screen/31.1.45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/screen/31.1.45
Nicolaisen, W. F. 2008. “On Names in Literature.” Nomina 31: 89–98.
Norbeck, E. 1961. Religion in Primitive Society. New York: Harper and Brothers.
Ntsoane, O. 2003. “Batswana Indigenous Conflict Resolution Methods: A Narrative.” Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems 2 (2): 15–25. https://doi.org/10.4314/indilinga.v2i2.26331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/indilinga.v2i2.26331
Oinas, F. J. 1973. “Folklore and Politics in the Soviet Union.” Slavic Review 32 (1): 45–58. https://doi.org/10.2307/2494072. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2494072
Opland, J. 1975. Review of The Xhosa Ntsomi by Harold Scheub. English in Africa 3 (1): 53–59.
Osei, M. A. 2003. “Witchcraft in the Religion of the Hlubi of Qumbu: Focusing on the Issues of Sickness and Healing in the Society.” PhD diss., University of South Africa.
Petrus, T. S. 2009. “An Anthropological Study of Witchcraft-Related Crime in the Eastern Cape and Its Implications for Law Enforcement Policy and Practice.” PhD diss., Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University.
Petrus, T. S., and D. L. Bogopa. 2007. “Natural and Supernatural: Intersections between the Spiritual and Natural Worlds in African Witchcraft and Healing with Reference to Southern Africa.” Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology 7 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/20797222.2007.11433943. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20797222.2007.11433943
Ravengai, S., and K. Magogodi. 2025. “Staging Reconciliations and Rainbowisms: The Paradox of Censorship in South Africa and Zimbabwe.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Theatre Censorship, edited by A. Etienne and G. Saunders, 193–208. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67299-6_12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67299-6_12
Sassen, R. 2017. “Unchain My Dog!” In My View by Robyn Sassen and Other Writers (blog), May 23. https://robynsassenmyview.com/2017/05/23/unchain-my-dog/.
Scheub, H. 1970. “The Technique of the Expansible Image in Xhosa Ntsomi-Performances.” Research in African Literatures 1 (2): 119–146.
Snead, J. A. 1981. “On Repetition in Black Culture.” Black American Literature Forum 15 (4): 146–154. https://doi.org/10.2307/2904326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2904326
Spillers, H. 2006. “The Idea of Black Culture.” CR: The New Centennial Review 6 (30): 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1353/ncr.2007.0022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/ncr.2007.0022
Wilderson III, F. B. 2010. Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391715. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391715
Wilderson III, F. B. 2015. “Social Death and Narrative Aporia in 12 Years a Slave.” Black Camera: An International Film Journal (The New Series) 7 (1): 134–149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2979/blackcamera.7.1.134
Williams, R. 1977/1978. “Realism, Naturalism and Their Alternatives.” Cine-Tracts 3: A Journal of Film and Cultural Studies 1 (3): 1–6.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Buntu Makhedama

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Accepted 2026-01-26
Published 2026-02-19