’n “Paradise Lost”: ʼn Ondersoek na swart arbeid en wit ongemak in stedelike Suid-Afrika: Marlene van Niekerk se kortverhaal “Klein vingeroefening rondom die nosie van hibriditeit”

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Abstract

Marlene van Niekerk’s short story “Klein vingeroefening rondom die nosie van hibriditeit” (2001) confronts the ambivalence inherent in the legacy of Madamhood which is coupled with a post-apartheid sense of white displacement. This “small finger exercise on the notion of hybridity” offers a productive site to investigate theories of whiteness as an empty signifier and as a social construction. In this article, I trace manifestations of the reification of whiteness and suggest ways in which the narrative reveals the crises of whiteness and paradoxes upon which it is built. I argue that van Niekerk’s deployment of layers of self-ironisation evident in her use of first-person narration, and the focalising perspective of the character “Marlene” allows her to examine her own duplicity in resisting and perpetuating normative Western whiteness inscribed in social narratives. This paper examines the narrator’s multiple encounters with coloured and black domestic labourers and their white employers. Tracing the noticeable shifts in perspective from first to third person throughout the narrative, I argue that it is precisely during instances in which the narrator feels compromised and/or complicit in narratives of suburban Madamhood that she resorts to the third person, as if watching herself from a distance inevitably acting out a part she genuinely does not want to play. Furthermore, I also show that van Niekerk is vigilant in her interrogation of language and the way in which axioms and truisms (“the tyranny of the transparent”) are used to shore up white hegemony, and to render invisible the real place of power. What van Niekerk resists and subverts is the predictable sense that middleclass, matronly whiteness carries off its own legitimacy, which is reinforced by a concomitant sense of normative neutrality. And she accomplishes this, I suggest, in what may be read as a queering of the dynamics, which emerges most significantly in her treatment of the central image in the text: a pair of fork-tongued snakes, the multilayered symbolism of which exposes the paradoxes upon which whiteness and middleclass normativity are premised.

 

Opsomming

Marlene van Niekerk se kortverhaal “Klein vingeroefening rondom die nosie van hibriditeit” (2001) konfronteer teenstrydigheid in die nalatenskap van “Miesies”-skap, gekoppel aan ’n post-apartheidsgevoel van wit ontworteling. Hierdie kortverhaal bied ’n produktiewe terrein om teorieë oor witheid as ’n niksseggende aanduider en sosiale konstruksie te ondersoek.

Aspekte van die reïfikasie van witheid word nagespoor, sowel as maniere waarop die verhaal die krisis van witheid blootlê en die paradokse suggereer waarop dit gebou is.

Ek voer aan dat Van Niekerk se aanwending van lae van selfironisering duidelik sigbaar is in haar gebruik van ’n eerstepersoonsnarratief en fokaliserende perspek-tief van die karakter. Via die karakter van “Marlene” word die teenstrydigheid van weerstand teen bestendige normatiewe Westerse witheid, ingeskrewe in sosiale narratiewe, ondersoek.

Die verteller se veelvoudige blootstellings aan bruin en swart huisbediendes en hul wit werkgewers word ondersoek. Deur die opvallende veranderinge in perspektief vanaf die eerste- tot die derdepersoon (regdeur die verhaal), kan geargumenteer word dat dit gedurende oomblikke is wat die verteller tegemoetkomend voel teenoor en/of aandadig is aan die narratiewe van voorstedelike “Miesies”-skap dat sy gebruik maak van die derde persoon. Hierdie derdepersoonsverteller beskou haarself van ’n afstand en vertolk ’n rol waarmee sy nie wil identifiseer nie.

Van Niekerk is in haar ondersoek na taal bewus van die wyse waarop sy aksiomas en waarhede (“the tyranny of the transparent”) gebruik om wit hegemonie te steun, en as onsigbare magsdraer weer te gee.

Wat Van Niekerk teëstaan en omverwerp is die voorspelbaarheid dat die middelklas statige witheid suggereer, versterk deur ’n gepaardgaande sin van normatiewe neutraliteit.

Daar word gesuggereer dat die outeur  hierdie taalhandeling uitvoer in wat gelees kan word as ’n skeeftrek (“queering”) van die dinamika, wat betekenisvol ontstaan in haar gebruik van sentrale beelde in die teks: ’n paar slange met gesplete tonge, plus die veelvuldige lae simbolisme wat die paradokse blootlê waarop witheid en middelklas normatiwiteit gegrond is.

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Author Biography

Mary West , Nelson Mandela University

Mary West teaches English literature and creative writing at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth. She is interested in post-apartheid writing and in South African identity politics as it emerges in textual representations of whiteness.

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Published

2009-09-01

How to Cite

West, Mary. 2009. “’n “Paradise Lost”: ʼn Ondersoek Na Swart Arbeid En Wit Ongemak in Stedelike Suid-Afrika: Marlene Van Niekerk Se Kortverhaal ‘Klein Vingeroefening Rondom Die Nosie Van hibriditeit’”. Journal of Literary Studies 25 (3):90-105. https://unisapressjournals.co.za/index.php/jls/article/view/12437.