Higher Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Responses and Challenges

Xuyan Wang; Xiaoyang Sun

doi:10.25159/1947-9417/10024

Authors

Xuyan Wang Hangzhou Normal University
Xiaoyang Sun Nanjing University of Finance and Economics

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/10024

Keywords:

COVID-19; , higher education; , educational equity;, online learning;, internationalisation

Abstract

The COVID-19 outbreak has had a significant influence on all aspects of society, and it is necessary to comprehend the responses of various stakeholders as well as the challenges that higher education has encountered in the aftermath of the outbreak. This study systematically analyses the measures taken by higher education stakeholders in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the challenges faced by higher education in the post-COVID-19 era. To analyse the actions taken by higher education stakeholders and the challenges that remain, this study critically analyses government policy documents, reports from international organisations and perspectives of experts in the field of higher education, studies from Chinese journals, and international scientific literature. While stakeholders responded quickly during the outbreak, providing financial and material assistance, developing online learning, and facilitating international student mobility, the study finds that these measures are insufficient when compared to those in other sectors, and higher education stakeholders’ responses to COVID-19 have been fragmented, uncoordinated, and fraught with conflict and ambivalence. The study finds that higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic faces multiple challenges, with COVID-19 exacerbating inequities in educational access and educational achievement due to uneven educational infrastructure and resource allocation. The availability of infrastructure and the lack of preparedness of faculty and students have dimmed large-scale experiments in online education. Future international student mobility patterns may need to be restructured.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Akramy, S. A. 2022. “Shocks and Aftershocks of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Afghanistan Higher Education Institutions”. Cogent Arts and Humanities 9 (1): 2029802. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2029802. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2029802

Altbach, G. P., and H. De Wit. 2020. “COVID-19: The Internationalisation Revolution That Isn’t”. University World News, March 14, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20200312143728370.

Amzalag, M., N. Shapira, and N. Dolev. 2022. “Two Sides of the Coin: Lack of Academic Integrity in Exams during the Corona Pandemic, Students’ and Lecturers’ Perceptions”. Journal of Academic Ethics 20: 243–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-021-09413-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-021-09413-5

Attallah, B. 2020. “Post COVID-19 Higher Education Empowered by Virtual Worlds and Applications”. In Seventh International Conference on Information Technology Trends (ITT 2020), 161–64. Piscataway: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITT51279.2020.9320772. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ITT51279.2020.9320772

Aucejo, E., J. French, P. U. Araya, and B. Zafar. 2020. “COVID-19 Is Widening Inequality in Higher Education”. Vox EU, August 9, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://voxeu.org/article/covid-19-widening-inequality-higher-education.

Bacher-Hicks, A., J. Goodman, and M. Hulhern. 2020. “Inequality in Household Adaptation to Schooling Shocks: Covid-Induced Online Learning Engagement in Real Time”. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper 27555. Cambridge, MA: NBER. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w27555

Berelson, B. 1952. Content Analysis in Communication Research. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press.

Chasi, S., and O. Quinlan. 2021. “Inclusion in Times of Covid‑19: The Case of International Students in South Africa”. Journal of Student Affairs in Africa 9 (1): 205–22. https://doi.org/10.24085/jsaa.v9i1.1439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24085/jsaa.v9i1.1439

CHEA (Council for Higher Education Accreditation). 2020. “A Framework for Quality for These Times”. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.chea.org/framework-quality-these-times.

Chen, W. 2021. “Students with Disabilities and Digital Accessibility in Higher Education under COVID-19”. In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computers in Education Conference, Vol. 1, edited by M. M. Rodrigo, S. Iyer, and A. Mitrovic, 656–62. Taoyuan: Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education. https://icce2021.apsce.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/ICCE2021-Vol.I-PP.-656-662.pdf.

Chen, W., and W. Jia. 2020. “Research on the Influencing Factors of College Students’ Online Learning Experience”. Journal of East China Normal University (Educational Sciences), 38 (7): 42–53. https://doi.org/10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5560.2020.07.003.

Choe, Y. J., and E. H. Choi. 2020. “Are We Ready for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Arriving at Schools?” Journal of Korean Medical Science 35 (11): e127. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e127

Consejo Interuniversitario Nacional. 2020. “Catálogo Colaborativo de Recursos Para Las Clases Virtuales”. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.cin.edu.ar/catalogo-colaborativo-de-recursos-para-las-clases-virtuales/.

Corbin, J., and A. Strauss. 1996. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Dell, S. 2020. “African Universities Look to Partnerships to Boost ICT Capacity”. Accessed June 28, 2022. IPPMedia.com, June 2, 2020. Accessed June 30, 2022. https://www.ippmedia.com/en/features/african-universities-look-partnerships-boost-ict-capacity.

Department for Education. 2020. “School Funding: Exceptional Costs Associated with Coronavirus (COVID-19) for the Period from March to July 2020”. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-financial-support-for-schools/school-funding-exceptional-costs-associated-with-coronavirus-covid-19-for-the-period-march-to-july-2020.

Egielewa, P., P. Idogho, F. Iyalomhe, and G. Cirella. 2022. “COVID-19 and Digitized Education: Analysis of Online Learning in Nigerian Higher Education”. E-Learning and Digital Media 19 (1): 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530211022808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530211022808

Fariz, F. 2020. “Keringanan UKT, Ratusan Mahasiswa Undip Dapat Pulsa Internet 10 GB”. IDN Times Jateng, May 14, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://jateng.idntimes.com/news/jateng/fariz-fardianto/keringanan-ukt-ratusan-mahasiswa-undip-dapat-pulsa-internet-10-gb.

Filinova, N. V., V. P. Filinov, E. V. Luneva, and O. N. Pogodina. 2020. “Socio-Economic Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic for Universities”. Iioab Journal 11 (3): 25–30. https://www.iioab.org/IIOABJ_11.S3_25-30.pdf.

Flaherty, C. 2020. “Remotely Hands-On: Teaching Lab Sciences and the Fine Arts during COVID-19”. Inside Higher Ed, April 14, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/04/14/teaching-lab-sciences-and-fine-arts-during-covid-19.

Gu, M., and J. Teng. 2020. “New Challenges and Opportunities for International Exchange and Cooperation in Education in the Post-Pandemic Era”. [In Chinese.] Comparative Education Research 9: 3–7. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFDLAST2020&filename=BJJY202009001&uniplatform=NZKPT&v=jvsr4EPrs9CnWOaym_tRXuuNRzbSXgZBXosCviR-VL4BWSlLaNyKTM6pVpNmpc84.

Gurukkal, R. 2020. “Will COVID-19 Turn Higher Education into Another Mode?” Higher Education for the Future 7 (2): 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631120931606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631120931606

Hayashi, R., M. Garcia, A. Maddawin, and K. P. Hewagamage. 2020. “Online Learning in Sri Lanka’s Higher Education Institutions during the COVID-19 Pandemic”. Asian Development Bank Briefs, No. 151. Accessed June 30, 2022. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/635911/online-learning-sri-lanka-during-covid-19.pdf. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22617/BRF200260-2

Hipkins, H. C. 2020. “COVID-19: Tertiary Student Support Package”. New Zealand Government, April 14, 2020. Accessed June 29, 2022. https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/covid-19-tertiary-student-support-package.

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. 2020. “Minister Mendicino Announces Changes to Facilitate Online Learning for International Students”. Government of Canada, July 14, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2020/07/minister-mendicino-announces-changes-to-facilitate-online-learning-for-international-students.html.

IAU (International Association of Universities). 2020. Regional/National Perspectives on the Impact of COVID-19 on Higher Education. Paris: IAU. Accessed June 30, 2022. https://www.iau-aiu.net/IMG/pdf/iau_covid-19_regional_perspectives_on_the_impact_of_covid-19_on_he_july_2020_.pdf.

Kandri, S.-E. 2020. “How COVID-19 Is Driving a Long-Overdue Revolution in Higher Education”. World Economic Forum, May 12, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/how-covid-19-is-sparking-a-revolution-in-higher-education/.

Kennedy, K. 2020. “Aiming for Excellence in a Time of Crisis for International Education: Ireland”. The Pie News, May 6, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://thepienews.com/analysis/aiming-for-excellence-in-a-time-of-crisis-for-international-education-ireland/.

Kercher, J., and T. Plasa. 2020. “COVID-19 and the Impact on International Student Mobility in Germany: Results of a DAAD Survey Conducted among International Offices of German Universities”. DAAD Working Paper. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://static.daad.de/media/daad_de/pdfs_nicht_barrierefrei/der-daad/analysen-studien/daad_2020_covid-19_and_the_impact_on_international_student_mobility_in_germany.pdf.

King, R. 2008. The University in the Global Age. Translated by W. Zhao. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press.

Labster. 2020. “2020: An Unexpected Test”. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://www.labster.com/blog/2020-test/.

Li, J., and X. Eryong. 2022. “New Directions towards Internationalization of Higher Education in China during Post-COVID 19: A Systematic Literature Review”. Educational Philosophy and Theory 54 (6): 812–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2021.1941866. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2021.1941866

Li, W., and Z. Zhu. 2020. “Improving the Emotional Experience: A Recipe for Easing Emotional Problems in Online Learning in Times of Mass Epidemics”. China Educational Technology 400 (5): 22–6.

Mandujano, L. G., E. Kuruc, J.-L. Lu, P. Sanoni, and X. V. Meza. 2021. “Panel Session-Pluriversal Design Transitions for Higher Education Motivated by COVID-19”. In Proceedings of the 2021 7th International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network, edited by D. Economou, A. Peña-Rios, A. Dengel, H. Dodds, M. Mentzelopoulos, A. Klippel, K. Erenli, M. J. W. Lee, and J. Richter, 458–60. Piscataway: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. https://doi.org/10.23919/iLRN52045.2021.9459327. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23919/iLRN52045.2021.9459327

Marginson, S. 2020. “Global HE as We Know It Has Forever Changed”. Times Higher Education, May 26, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/cn/blog/global-he-we-know-it-has-forever-changed.

Marinoni, G., and H. De Wit. 2020. “A Severe Risk of Growing Inequality between Universities”. University World News, June 8, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=2020060815405140.

Marinoni, G., H. Van’t Land, and T. Jensen. 2020. The Impact of Covid-19 on Higher Education Around the World: IAU Global Survey Report. Paris: International Association of Universities. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.iau-aiu.net/IMG/pdf/iau_covid19_and_he_survey_report_final_may_2020.pdf.

Mok, K. H., W. Xiong, and G. Ke. 2022. “Reimagining Higher Education in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Chinese Students’ Desires for Overseas Learning and Implications for University Governance”. Higher Education Policy 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-022-00273-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-022-00273-1

Montenegro-Rueda, M., A. Luque-de la Rosa, J. L. S. Sánchez-Serrano, and J. Fernández-Cerero. 2021. “Assessment in Higher Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review”. Sustainability 13 (19): 10509. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910509

Moonga, F., L. Mabundza, and P. Hlatshwayo. 2022. “Post-COVID-19 Reforms in Higher Education in Eswatini”. In Education Reform in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic, edited by A. Oluwunmi and A. Reams-Johnson, 158–75. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8992-2.ch010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8992-2.ch010

Murakami, K. 2020. “Congressional Deal Would Give Higher Ed $23B”. Inside Higher Ed, December 22, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/12/22/congressional-agreement-covid-19-would-give-higher-ed-23-billion.

Mzekandaba, S. 2020. “Government Looks to the Skies to Boost Digital Education”. IT Web, May 25, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://www.itweb.co.za/content/KA3WwqdDoG9qrydZ.

Obana, J. 2020. “Could Educational Technology be a ‘Holy Grail’ amid Covid-19 Crisis?” The Manila Times, March 18, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/18/business/columnists-business/could-educational-technology-be-a-holy-grail-amid-covid-19-crisis/704202/.

O’Malley, B., and P. Rigg. 2020. “Universities Commit to Advancing Mobility Post-Pandemic”. University World News, July 3, 2020. Accessed June 29, 2022. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20200703094553291.

Qiu, J., and F. Zou. 2004. “Research on Content Analysis Method”. [In Chinese.] Journal of Library Science in China 2: 14–19. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD2004&filename=ZGTS200402001&uniplatform=NZKPT&v=WS_11VNuLES4S3gdHrVWeKFVAEXK6ASdCpuDo0H52F0TiVXUHcnd2Nh0DAhFRyGF.

QQI (Quality and Qualification Ireland). 2020. The Impact of COVID-19 Modifications to Teaching, Learning and Assessment in Irish Further Education and Training and Higher Education. Accessed June 20, 2022. https://www.qqi.ie/sites/default/files/2022-04/the-impact-of-covid-19-modifications-to-teaching-learning-and-assessment-in-irish-further-education-and-training-and-higher-education.pdf.

Quan, Y. 2020. “Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on the World Economic and Political Landscape”. [In Chinese.] Peace and Development 175 (3): 1–17. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://t.cnki.net/kcms/detail?v=SYK6uUWLxJDpyr7RuZgSvh_qAU87rL-jVLjO6Zei-9j2WwUwaTFvIsb9-hk75_y8Ql6_Lb1dFpQbv0ysWSDqe96XnmRWMonzXqL8_FLb15yrzkwuv_10J6IajtJQHMpPjGX4btRA834=&uniplatform=NZKPT.

Rao, A., and K. Wan. 2020. “The Effect of Online Learning Readiness on College Students’ Engagement in Online Learning”. Education Science 36 (2): 31–38.

Recio, S. G. Silvia., and C. Colella. 2020. The World of Higher Education after COVID-19: How COVID-19 Has Affected Young Universities. Brussels: Young European Research Universities. https://yerun.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/YERUN-Covid-VFinal-OnlineSpread.pdf.

Rikowski, G. 2021. “The Funnelling: Higher Education for Labour-Power Production in the Shadow of Covid-19”. Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies 19 (2): 23–37. http://www.jceps.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/19-2-2-gleriksep21.pdf.

Rizvi, F. 2020. “Australia—Re-envisioning Higher Education in Australia after COVID-19”. In “How Is Covid-19 Impacting Higher Education?”, edited by P. G. Altbach and S. Gopinatha, special issue, Higher Education in Southeast Asia and Beyond, no. 8, 11–14. Accessed June 30, 2022. https://headfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/HESB-8-COVID19_2020.pdf.

Salmi, J. 2020. COVID’s Lessons for Global Higher Education: Coping with the Present While Building a More Equitable Future. Lumina Foundation. Accessed June 29, 2022. https://www.luminafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/covids-lessons-for-global-higher-education.pdf.

Sarasjärvi, K. K., P. H. Vuolanto, P. C. M. Solin, K. L. Appelqvist-Schmidlechner, N. M. Tamminen, M. Elovainio, and S. Therman. 2022. “Subjective Mental Well-Being among Higher Education Students in Finland during the First Wave of COVID-19”. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948221075433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948221075433

Shen, Z., and D. Wu. 2020. “Exploring the Factors Influencing the Effectiveness and Satisfaction of Online Learning among College Students: An Empirical Analysis Based on Structural Equation Modeling”. [In Chinese.] Research in Educational Development 40 (11): 25–36. https://doi.org/10.14121/j.cnki.1008-3855.2020.11.006.

Smalley, A. 2021. “Higher Education Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)”. National Conference of State Legislatures, March 22, 2021. Accessed June 26, 2021. https://www.ncsl.org/research/education/higher-education-responses-to-coronavirus-covid-19.aspx.

Sobral, S. R., N. Jesus-Silva, A. Cardoso, and F. Moreira. 2021. “EU27 Higher Education Institutions and COVID-19, Year 2020”. In “Effects of COVID-19: Issues on Health Economics and Education”, edited by E. Abad-Segura, M.-D. González-Zamar, E. Vázquez-Cano and E. L. Meneses, special issue, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (11): 5963. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115963. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115963

Tehan, D., and M. Cash. 2020. “Higher Education Relief Package”. Ministers’ Media Centre, April 12, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://ministers.dese.gov.au/tehan/higher-education-relief-package.

Teter, W., and L. Wang. 2020. “COVID-19 and UNESCO: Monitoring the Impact on People and Places for Relevant Higher Education”. In “How Is Covid-19 Impacting Higher Education?”, edited by P. G. Altbach and S. Gopinatha, special issue, Higher Education in Southeast Asia and Beyond, no. 8, 9–11. Accessed June 30, 2022. https://headfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/HESB-8-COVID19_2020.pdf.

Texas Global. 2020. “Global Virtual Exchange”. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://global.utexas.edu/special-initiatives/virtual-exchange.

Treve, M. 2021. “What COVID-19 Has Introduced into Education: Challenges Facing Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)”. Higher Education Pedagogies 6 (1): 212–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23752696.2021.1951616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23752696.2021.1951616

Trudeau, J. 2020. “Support for Students and New Grads Affected by COVID-19”. Government of Canada, April 22, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2022. https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2020/04/22/support-students-and-new-grads-affected-covid-19.

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 2020a. “Exams and Assessments in COVID-19 Crisis: Fairness at the Centre”. UNESCO, April 10, 2020. Accessed June 29, 2022. https://en.unesco.org/news/exams-and-assessments-covid-19-crisis-fairness-centre.

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 2020b. “Webinar on Higher Education in Africa: Challenges and Solutions through ICTs, E-Learning, Distance Education and Digital Inclusion”. Accessed July 5, 2022. https://en.unesco.org/events/webinar-higher-education-africa-challenges-and-solutions-through-icts-e-learning-distance.

UNISA (University of South Africa). 2020. “Delivery of Laptops to NSFAS

Students”. UNISA June 4, 2020. Accessed June 29, 2022. https://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/myunisa/default/Announcements/Delivery-of-laptops-to-NSFAS-students.

U.S. Department of Education. 2020. “CARES Act: Higher Education Emergency Relief Fund”. Last updated January 29, 2021. Accessed June 29, 2022. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/caresact.html.

Wan, K., D. Zheng, and Y. Ren. 2020. “Is Online Learning Ready to Scale? Reflections on Online Learning and Smart Technology Applications in the Post-Epidemic Era”. [In Chinese.] Journal of Distance Education 38 (3): 105–12. https://doi.org/10.15881/j.cnki.cn33-1304/g4.2020.03.011.

Wang, H., J. Xiao, M. Cao, C. Yang, S. Wang, H. Peng, J. Fan, Y. Guo, X. Gu, Y. Sun, H. Du, L. Yuan, S. Knyazeva, N. Amelina, and D. Kapelyushnik 2020. Online and Open Education in Shanghai: Emergency Response and Innovative Practice during COVID-19 Pandemic. Moscow: UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education. Accessed June 23, 2022. https://iite.unesco.org/publications/online-and-open-education-in-shanghai-emergency-response-and-innovative-practice-during-covid-19-pandemic/.

We World. 2020. “Reframing Education in COVID19 Era: Why Education Shapes Societies’ Economic, Social and Cultural Restoration and Recovery”. Accessed June 30, 2022. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/reframing-education-covid-19-era-why-education-shapes-societies-economic-social-and.

Westendorff, R. A., C. Mutch, and N. T. Mutch. 2021. “When COVID-19 Is Only Part of the Picture: Caring Pedagogy in Higher Education in Guatemala”. In “A Pedagogy of Love and Care in the Time of Covid-19”, edited by C. Mutch, J. Tatebe, M. Estellés and N. Romero, special issue, Pastoral Care in Education 39 (3): 236–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643944.2021.1938648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02643944.2021.1938648

World Bank. 2020a. “The COVID-19 Crisis Response: Supporting Tertiary Education for Continuity, Adaptation, and Innovation”. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/34571.

World Bank. 2020b. “COVID-19 Impact on Tertiary Education in East Asia and Pacific”. Washington, DC: World Bank. Accessed June 29, 2022. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/506241590701178057/COVID-19-Impact-on-Tertiary-Education-in-East-Asia-and-Pacific.pdf.

Zhang, Y., and Y. Jiang. 2020. “Where to Go for Internationalization of Higher Education in China in the Post-Epidemic Era”. [In Chinese.] Journal of Higher Education 12: 1–9. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFDLAST2021&filename=HIGH202012001&uniplatform=NZKPT&v=Cf0i_M9f44rYnT9G_6LiGgUQiVjZu7qLU_htk_mddSdPepkU6R7eSG8z5csDOcKc.

Zhong, B., and X. Nan. 2021. “Macro Thoughts on the Development of Higher Education in China in the Post-Epidemic Era”. [In Chinese.] Educational Research 42 (5): 108–16. https://t.cnki.net/kcms/detail?v=B07FSgHZtrnhHEPp9I4hIxmfjcX1ZyLszn-5VpXrB97420S5E2JNH2gmJNBvDYfQzG4Xl7DvyvZZhFU0KCDaYnqQ6YqldLA58kmv0jzjLDgGab7-b7nitgE0CXofY_Y_&uniplatform=NZKPT.

Ziguras, C., and L. Tran. 2020. “The Biggest Crisis to Hit International HE in Australia”. University World News, February 7, 2020. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20200207105514341.