Pre-Primary English Teacher Education in Macau: Investigating a Teacher Educator’s Beliefs and Practices

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/10592

Keywords:

beliefs; , Macau; , pre-primary; , pre-service teachers; , student teachers;, teacher educator; , teaching philosophy

Abstract

This qualitative case study explores a language teacher educator’s beliefs and practices regarding pre-primary English teacher education in Macau. The focal participant was an experienced English language teacher (20 years) and teacher educator who is a native speaker of American English. The data were collected over five years, and include written reflections, classroom observations, course syllabi, and interviews. The findings reveal that the teacher educator held six main beliefs regarding various aspects of language teacher education for the pre-primary level, namely, beliefs about (1) the purpose of pre-primary English teacher education, (2) being a teacher educator, (3) the nature of the teaching methodology course, (4) the students, (5) pre-school learners and learning, and (6) the development of the teaching methodology course. The educator’s beliefs were largely reflected in practice, as revealed in the course design, material selection, teaching, and the design of student assignments and other forms of assessment. The educator adjusted his/her practice over time in response to students’ needs, self-awareness, and the university policies. The teacher educator’s beliefs and practices were shown to be mutually informing.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Ajzen, I., and N. Dasgupta. 2015. “Explicit and Implicit Beliefs, Attitudes, and Intentions: The Role of Conscious and Unconscious Processes in Human Behavior”. In Human Agency: Functions and Mechanisms, edited by B. Eitam and P. Haggard, 115–44. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190267278.003.0005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190267278.003.0005

Akbar, R. A., M. Akhtar, A. Hussain, and M. Abiodullah. 2013. “Beliefs and Practices of Teacher Educators Teaching B.Ed (Hons) and ADE in Universities and Affiliated Colleges in Punjab”. Bulletin of Education and Research 35 (2): 91–106. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1210479.pdf.

Bai, H., and P. A. Ertmer. 2008. “Teacher Educators’ Beliefs and Technology Uses as Predictors of Preservice Teachers’ Beliefs and Technology Attitudes”. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education 16 (1): 93–112.

Barkhuizen, G. 2021. Language Teacher Educator Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108874083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108874083

Borg, S. 2009. “Introducing Language Teacher Cognition”. Accessed June 6, 2022. https://docplayer.net/21093215-Introducing-language-teacher-cognition.html.

Bouckaert, M., and Q. Kools. 2018. “Teacher Educators as Curriculum Developers: Exploration of a Professional Role”. European Journal of Teacher Education 41 (1): 32–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2017.1393517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2017.1393517

Brown, G. T. L. 2002. “Teachers’ Conceptions of Assessment”. PhD diss., University of Auckland. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/63.

Bruggeman, B., K. Hidding, K. Struyven, B. Pynoo, A. Garone, and J. Tondeur. 2022. “Negotiating Teacher Educators’ Beliefs about Blended Learning: Using Stimulated Recall to Explore Design Choices”. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 38 (2): 98–112. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.7175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.7175

Buehl, M. M., and J. Beck. 2015. “The Relationship between Teachers’ Beliefs and Teachers’ Practices”. In International Handbook of Research on Teachers’ Beliefs, edited by H. Fives and M. G. Gill, 66–84. New York, NY: Routledge.

Burns, R. B. 2000. Introduction to Research Methods. Cheshire: Longman.

Cain, M. 2012. “Beliefs about Classroom Practice: A Study of Primary Teacher Trainees in Trinidad and Tobago”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 2 (3): 96–105.

Calderhead, J. 1996. “Teachers: Beliefs and Knowledge”. In Handbook of Educational Psychology, edited by D. Berliner and R. Calfee, 709–25. New York, NY: Macmillan.

Cameron, L. 2001. Teaching Languages to Young Learners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511733109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511733109

Chan, C. K. Y., and J. Luo. 2022. “Exploring Teacher Perceptions of Different Types of ‘Feedback Practices’ in Higher Education: Implications for Teacher Feedback Literacy”. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education 47 (1): 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2021.1888074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2021.1888074

Copland, F., and S. Garton. 2014. “Key Themes and Future Directions in Teaching English to Young Learners: Introduction to the Special Issue”. ELT Journal 68 (3): 223–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccu030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccu030

Debreli, E. 2012. “Change in Beliefs of Pre-Service Teachers about Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language throughout an Undergraduate Pre-Service Teacher Training Program”. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences 46: 367–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.124

Ertmer, P. A. 2005. “Teacher Pedagogical Beliefs: The Final Frontier in Our Quest for Technology Integration?” Educational Technology Research and Development 53 (4): 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02504683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02504683

European Commission. 2013. Supporting Teacher Educators for Better Learning Outcomes. Brussels: European Commission.

Farrell, T. S. C., and K. Bennis. 2013. “Reflecting on ESL Teacher Beliefs and Classroom Practices: A Case Study”. RELC Journal 44 (2): 163–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688213488463. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688213488463

Fiss, P. C. 2009. “Case Studies and the Configurational Analysis of Organizational Phenomena”. In The SAGE Handbook of Case-Based Methods, edited by D.S. Byrne and C.C. Ragin, 424–40. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249413.n26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249413.n26

Flores, M. A. 2018. “Tensions and Possibilities in Teacher Educators’ Roles and Professional Development”. European Journal of Teacher Education 41 (1): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2018.1402984. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2018.1402984

Gao, Y., and Y. Zhou. 2021. “Exploring Language Teachers’ Beliefs about the Medium of Instruction and Actual Practices Using Complex Dynamic System Theory”. Frontiers in Education 6: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.708031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.708031

Gilakjani, A. P., and N. B. Sabouri. 2017. “Teachers’ Beliefs in English Language Teaching and Learning: A Review of the Literature”. English Language Teaching 10 (4): 78–86. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n4p78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n4p78

Gill, M. G., and H. Fives. 2015. Introduction to International Handbook of Research on Teachers’ Beliefs, edited by H. Fives and M. G. Gill, 1–10. New York, NY: Routledge.

Government Information Bureau of the Macao SAR. 2021a. “Macao Fact Sheets: Geography and Population”. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.gcs.gov.mo/geography/en?7.

Government Information Bureau of the Macao SAR. 2021b. “Macao Fact Sheets: Political System”. Accessed June 7, 2022. https://www.gcs.gov.mo/files/factsheet/Politics_EN.pdf.

Government Information Bureau of the Macao SAR. 2021c. “Macao Fact Sheets: Economy”. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.gcs.gov.mo/factSheet/en?6.

Government Information Bureau of the Macao SAR. 2021d. “Macao Fact Sheets: Education”. Accessed June 15, 2022. https://www.gcs.gov.mo/factSheet/en?6.

Ha, X. V. 2021. “Oral Corrective Feedback in Vietnamese EFL Classrooms: Effects of Awareness-Raising Activities on Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices”. PhD diss., Macquarie University.

Ha, X. V., and J. C. Murray. 2020. “Corrective Feedback: Beliefs and Practices of Vietnamese Primary EFL Teachers”. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1362168820931897. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820931897

Ha, X. V., and J. C. Murray. 2021. “The Impact of a Professional Development Program on EFL Teachers’ Beliefs about Corrective Feedback”. System 96: 102405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102405

Ha, X. V., N. G. Tran, and N. H. Tran. 2021. “Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices Regarding Assessment in English as a Foreign Language Classrooms in Vietnam”. The Qualitative Report 26 (11): 3457–475. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.5063. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.5063

Heffernan, T. 2022. “Sexism, Racism, Prejudice, and Bias: A Literature Review and Synthesis of Research Surrounding Student Evaluations of Courses and Teaching”. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education 47 (1): 144–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2021.1888075. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2021.1888075

Henson, T. K. 2010. Curriculum Planning: Integrating Multiculturalism, Constructivism, and Education Reform. 4th ed. Long Grove, IL: Waveband Press.

Kane, R., S. Sandretto, and C. Heath. 2002. “Telling Half the Story: A Critical Review of Research on the Teaching Beliefs and Practices of University Academics”. Review of Educational Research 72 (2): 177–228. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543072002177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543072002177

Kheirzadeh, S., and N. Sistani. 2018. “The Effect of Reflective Teaching on Iranian EFL Students’ Achievement: The Case of Teaching Experience and Level of Education”. The Australian Journal of Teacher Education 43 (2): 143–56. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v43n2.8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v43n2.8

Kleinheksel, A. J., N. Rockich-Winston, H. Tawfik, and T. R. Wyatt. 2020. “Qualitative Research in Pharmacy Education: Demystifying Content Analysis”. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 84 (1): 127–37. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7113

Liu, S., B. L. Reynolds, X. V. Ha, and C. Ding. 2021. “Professionals as Collaborative Mentors in Early Childhood Family Education”. Sustainability 13 (19): 10644. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910644

Lunenberg, M., F. Korthagen, and A. Swennen. 2007. “The Teacher Educator as a Role Model”. Teaching and Teacher Education 23 (5): 586–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.11.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.11.001

Maaranen, K., H. Kynäslahti, R. Byman, R. Jyrhämä, and S. Sintonen. 2019. “Teacher Education Matters: Finnish Teacher Educators’ Concerns, Beliefs, and Values”. European Journal of Teacher Education 42 (2): 211–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2019.1566317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2019.1566317

Marsh, C. J., and G. Willis. 2007. Curriculum: Alternative Approaches, Ongoing Issues. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

McDonald, J. A., and B. L. Reynolds. 2021. “Learning Semantic and Thematic Vocabulary Clusters through Embedded Instruction: Effects on Very Young English Learners’ Vocabulary Acquisition and Retention”. Applied Linguistics Review. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2020-0102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2020-0102

Meeus, W., W. Cools, and I. Placklé. 2018. “Teacher Educators Developing Professional Roles: Frictions between Current and Optimal Practices”. European Journal of Teacher Education 41 (1): 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2017.1393515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2017.1393515

Merisi, P. O., and A. Pillay. 2020. “Exploring Pre-Service Teachers’ Beliefs about Teaching and Learning Grammar: Implications for Teacher Education”. Journal of Education 79: 31–46. http://doi.org/10.17159/2520-9868/i79a03. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17159/2520-9868/i79a03

Moradkhani, S., R. Akbari, R. G. Samar, and G. R. Kiany. 2013. “English

Language Teacher Educators’ Pedagogical Knowledge Base: The Macro and

Micro Categories”. The Australian Journal of Teacher Education 38 (10): 123–41. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2013v38n10.7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2013v38n10.7

Morrison, C. M. 2016. “Purpose, Practice and Theory: Teacher Educators’ Beliefs about Professional Experience”. The Australian Journal of Teacher Education 41 (3): 105–25. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2016v41n3.7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2016v41n3.7

Naruemon, D. 2013. “Thai Pre-Service Teachers’ Beliefs about the Learner-Centred Approach and Their Classroom Practices”. PhD diss., Newcastle University. https://theses.ncl.ac.uk/jspui/handle/10443/2428.

Nation, I. S. P., and J. Macalister. 2010. Language Curriculum Design. London: Routledge.

Nguyen, T. T. L. 2019. “Reflective Teaching in an EFL Writing Instruction Course for Thai Pre-Service Teachers”. The Journal of Asia TEFL 16 (2): 561–75. https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2019.16.2.8.561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2019.16.2.8.561

Nguyen, Y. T. X., X. V. Ha, and N. H. Tran. 2022. “Vietnamese Primary School Teachers’ Needs for Professional Development in Response to Curriculum Reform”. Education Research International 4585376. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4585376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4585376

Nicholson, L. J., and V. Lander. 2020. “Control Beliefs of Teacher Educators regarding Their Research Engagement”. Educational Review 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2020.1816908. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2020.1816908

Niyibizi, E. 2021. “Modelling in Teacher Education: Beliefs of Teacher Educators in Rwanda”. African Journal of Teacher Education 10 (1): 87–105. https://doi.org/10.21083/ajote.v10i1.6371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21083/ajote.v10i1.6371

Pajares, M. F. 1992. “Teachers’ Beliefs and Educational Research: Cleaning up a Messy Construct”. Review of Educational Research 62 (3): 307–32. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543062003307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543062003307

Pape, D. R. 2004. “The Caring Beliefs of Three Teacher Educators”. PhD diss., The University of Texas at Austin. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2154.

Peercy, M. M., and J. Sharkey. 2020. “Missing a S-step? How Self-Study of Teacher Education Practice Can Support the Language Teacher Education Knowledge Base”. Language Teaching Research 24 (1): 105–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168818777526. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168818777526

Peterson, S. E., J. B. Schreiber, and C. M. Moss. 2011. “Changing Preservice Teachers’ Beliefs about Motivating Students”. Teaching Educational Psychology 7 (1): 27–39.

Pupíková, E., D. Gonda, K. Páleníková, J. Medová, D. Kolárová, and A. Tirpáková. 2021. “How Kindergarten Teachers Assess Their Own Professional Competencies”. Education Sciences 11 (12): 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11120769. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11120769

Reynolds, B. L., X. V. Ha, C. Ding, X. Zhang, S. Liu, and X. Ma. 2022. “Pre-Service Teachers Learning to Teach English to Very Young Learners in Macau: Do Beliefs Trump Practice?” Behavioral Sciences 12 (2): 19. http://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12020019

Reynolds, B. L., S. Liu, X. V. Ha, X. Zhang, and C. Ding. 2021. “Pre-Service Teachers Learning to Teach English as a Foreign Language to Preschool Learners in Macau: A Longitudinal Study”. Frontiers in Psychology 12: 1–17. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720660. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720660

Reynolds, B. L., and M. F. Teng. 2019. English Literacy Instruction for Chinese Speakers. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6653-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6653-6

Reynolds, B. L., and M. F. Teng, eds. 2021a. Innovative Approaches in Teaching English Writing to Chinese Speakers. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501512643. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501512643

Reynolds, B. L., and M. F. Teng. 2021b. “Editorial: Introduction to the Special Issue on Teaching English Reading and Writing to Young Learners”. In “Teaching English Reading and Writing to Young Learners”, edited by B. L. Reynolds and M. F. Teng, special issue, Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 11 (3): 423–44. http://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2021.11.3.1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2021.11.3.1

Richards, J. C., P. B. Gallo, and W. A. Renandya. 2002. “Exploring Teachers’ Beliefs and the Processes of Change”. PAC Journal 1:41–58. Accessed June 8, 2022. https://www.professorjackrichards.com/wp-content/uploads/exploring-teacher-change.pdf.

Richards, J. C., and C. Lockhart. 1994. “Exploring Teachers’ Beliefs”. In Reflective Teaching in Second Language Classrooms, Cambridge Language Education, 29–51. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667169.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667169.005

Ridder, H.-G. 2017. “The Theory Contribution of Case Study Research Designs”. Business Research 10 (2): 281–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-017-0045-z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-017-0045-z

Safa, M. A., and S. Tofighi. 2022. “Intercultural Communicative Competence Beliefs and Practices of Iranian Pre-Service and In-Service EFL Teachers”. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching 16 (2): 164–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2021.1889562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2021.1889562

Sah, F. M., and P. M. Shah. 2020. “Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices in Teaching Listening”. Creative Education 11 (2): 182–95. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2020.112013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2020.112013

Shieh, J.-J., and B. L. Reynolds. 2021. “The Origin and Impact of an ESL Teacher’s Beliefs on Curriculum Design”. Asia Pacific Journal of Education 41 (3): 574–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1832043. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1832043

Skott, J. 2015. “The Promises, Problems, and Prospects of Research on Teachers’ Beliefs”. In International Handbook of Research on Teachers’ Beliefs, edited by H. Fives and M. G. Gill, 13–30. New York, NY: Routledge.

Tatto, M. T. 2019. “The Influence of Teacher Education on Teacher Beliefs”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Accessed June 8, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.747

THE (Times Higher Education). 2022. “World University Rankings 2022”. Accessed June 13, 2022. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2022#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats.

Tran, N. G., X. V. Ha, and N. H. Tran. 2021. “EFL Reformed Curriculum in Vietnam: An Understanding of Teachers’ Cognitions and Classroom Practices”. RELC Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00336882211043670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882211043670

Tyler, R. W. 1949. Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

Yang, X., and M. Wyatt. 2021. “English for Specific Purposes Teachers’ Beliefs about Their Motivational Practices and Student Motivation at a Chinese University”. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 11 (1): 41–70. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2021.11.1.3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2021.11.1.3

Yin, R. K. 2009. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Vol. 5. London: Sage Publications.

Yuan, E. R. 2017. “Exploring University-Based Teacher Educators’ Teaching Beliefs and Practice: A Hong Kong Study”. Teaching in Higher Education: Critical Perspectives 22 (3): 259–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2016.1248393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2016.1248393

Yüksel, D., A. Soruç, and J. McKinley. 2021. “Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices about Oral Corrective Feedback in University EFL Classes”. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 31 (3): 362–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12336

Zembylas, M., and S. Chubbuck. 2018. “Conceptualizing ‘Teacher Identity’: A Political Approach”. In Research on Teacher Identity: Mapping Challenges and Innovations, edited by P. A. Schutz, J. Hong, and D. C. Francis, 183–93. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93836-3_16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93836-3_16

Downloads

Published

2022-06-23

How to Cite

Reynolds, Barry Lee, Jin-Jy Shieh, and Xuan Van Ha. 2022. “Pre-Primary English Teacher Education in Macau: Investigating a Teacher Educator’s Beliefs and Practices”. Education As Change 26 (June):33 pages. https://doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/10592.

Issue

Section

Articles
Received 2022-01-14
Accepted 2022-05-16
Published 2022-06-23