Reclaim and Resist
A Critical Framework for Engaging Students’ Research Writing through Slow, Deliberative, Collaborative Pedagogies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/20186Keywords:
postgraduate research writing, writing in the disciplines, collaborative pedagogy, deliberative pedagogy, South Africa, Slow scholarshipAbstract
Neoliberal discourses about students’ perceived skills deficit persist in higher education worldwide. In South Africa, these are particularly marked, as market discourses overwhelm democratic citizenship discourses in many universities. This can lead to the domination of deficit approaches to teaching, especially of academic writing. This interdisciplinary article conceptualises a law teacher’s and an academic literacies teacher’s experience of developing a programme for law students navigating the shift from undergraduate to postgraduate research writing in these contexts. The authors identify a blend of critical pedagogies emerging from scholarship in their respective fields and honed through iterative cycles of reflection with colleagues and students. They show how these Slow, deliberative, collaborative pedagogies have been used to develop a critical framework for resisting the deficit positioning of students and for reclaiming ways of engaging democratically and care-fully with students, and with research as a scholarly, thoughtful, transformative practice. They argue that this framework can facilitate the expansion of student agency, scholarly identity, and the development of research writing capacities in the disciplines.
References
Ashwin, P., D. Boud, K. Coate, F. Hallet, E. Keane, K. Krause, B. Leibowitz, I. Maclaren, J. McArthur, V. McCune, and M. Tooher. 2020. Reflective Teaching in Higher Education. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Badat, S. 2009. “Theorising Institutional Change: Post‐1994 South African Higher Education”. Studies in Higher Education 34 (4): 455–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070902772026.
Bangeni, B., and L. Greenbaum. 2019. “Bachelor of Laws (LLB) Students’ Views of Their Literacy Practices: Implications for Support in a Time of Change”. Reading and Writing: Journal of the Reading Association of South Africa 10 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/rw.v10i1.248.
Baxi, U. 2024. “How to Make Legal Education and Research More Democratic in a Neoliberal Era: A Lifetime of Questions?” In Sociolegal Challenges for the Social Justice Continuum: Perspectives from India and South Africa, edited by V. Bhagat-Ganguly, M. Finn, and M. Parikh, 203–211. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003561217-19.
Bean, J. 2011. “Backward Design: Towards an Effective Model of Staff Development in Writing in the Disciplines”. In Writing in the Disciplines, edited by M. Deane and P. O’Neill, 215–236. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-34451-8_13.
Benhabib, S. 1996. “Toward a Deliberative Model of Democratic Legitimacy”. In Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, edited by S. Benhabib, 67–94. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691234168.
Berg, M., and B. K. Seeber. 2016. The Slow Professor: Challenging the Culture of Speed in the Academy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442663091.
Biggs, J., and C. Tang. 2011. Teaching for Quality Learning at University. Maidenhead: The Society for Research into Higher Education and Open University Press.
Bitzer, E., ed. 2009. Higher Education in South Africa: A Scholarly Look behind the Scenes. Stellenbosch: African Sun Media. https://doi.org/10.18820/9781920338183.
Boughey, C., and S. McKenna. 2016. “Academic Literacy and the Decontextualised Learner”. CriSTaL: Critical Studies in Teaching and Learning 4 (2): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.14426/cristal.v4i2.1962.
Boughey, C., and S. McKenna. 2021. Understanding Higher Education: Alternative Perspectives. Cape Town: African Minds. https://doi.org/10.47622/9781928502210.
Bozalek, V. 2021. “Slow Scholarship: Propositions for the Extended Curriculum Programme”. Education as Change 25: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/9049.
Burke, P. J. 2016. “Access to and Widening Participation in Higher Education”. In The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions, P. N. Teixeira and J.-C. Shin, 1–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_47-1.
Campbell, J. 2014. “The Role of Law Faculties and Law Academics: Academic Education or Qualification for Practice?” Stellenbosch Law Review 25 (1): 15–33. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC154365.
Case, J. M. 2015. “A Social Realist Perspective on Student Learning in Higher Education: The Morphogenesis of Agency”. Higher Education Research and Development 34 (5): 841–852. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2015.1011095.
CHE (Council on Higher Education). 2015. The Higher Education Qualifications Sub-Framework for Bachelor of Law (LLB). Pretoria: CHE.
CHE (Council on Higher Education). 2018. The State of the Provision of the Bachelor of Laws (LLB) Qualification in South Africa: Report on the National Review of LLB Programmes in South Africa. Pretoria: CHE.
Clarence, S. 2020. “Making Visible the Affective Dimensions of Scholarship in Postgraduate Writing Development Work”. Journal of Praxis in Higher Education 2 (1): 46–62. https://doi.org/10.47989/kpdc63.
Coffman, K., P. Putman, A. Adkisson, B. Kriner, and C. Monaghan. 2016. “Waiting for the Expert to Arrive: Using a Community of Practice to Develop the Scholarly Identity of Doctoral Students”. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education 28 (1): 30–37.
Colgan, D., W. Domingo, and H. Papacostantis. 2017. “Change to a Skills-Based LLB Curriculum: A Qualitative Study of Participants in a Family Law Course”. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (1): 1–39. https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1598.
Collett, K. S., A. Dison, and L. Du Plooy. 2024. “In Pursuit of Social Justice in South African Higher Education: Exploring the Relationship between Epistemological Access and the Development of Students’ Academic Literacies”. South African Journal of Higher Education 38 (4): 1–20. https://dx.doi.org/10.20853/38-4-5949.
Collett, K. S., C. L. Van den Berg, B. Verster, and V. Bozalek. 2018. “Incubating a Slow Pedagogy in Professional Academic Development: An Ethics of Care Perspective”. South African Journal of Higher Education 32 (6): 117–136. https://doi.org/10.20853/32-6-2755.
Deka, S., and I. Sefoka. 2025. “Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills in Legal Education: A Pathway to Effective Legal Practice”. In Legal Pedagogy, Practice and Curriculum Transformation: What Does the Future Hold and Look Like?, edited by C. Maimela, 265–278. Pretoria: Pretoria University Law Press.
Dibetle, M. 2007. “Quality of Law Degrees Questioned”. Mail & Guardian, November 14. https://mg.co.za/article/2007-11-14-quality-of-law-degrees-questioned/.
Dison, L., and J. Moore. 2019. “Creating Conditions for Working Collaboratively in Discipline-Based Writing Centres at a South African University”. Per Linguam: A Journal for Language Learning 35 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5785/35-1-851.
Fry, J., C. Klages, and S. Venneman. 2018. “Using a Written Journal Technique to Enhance Inquiry-Based Reflection about Teaching”. Reading Improvement 55 (1): 39–48.
Gray, J. P. 2021. “Slow Writing: Student Perspectives on Time and Writing in First Year Composition Courses”. Currents in Teaching and Learning 13 (1): 39–47.
Greenbaum, L. 2004. “Teaching Legal Writing at South African Law Faculties: A Review of the Current Position and Suggestions for the Incorporation of a Model Based on New Theoretical Perspectives”. Stellenbosch Law Review 15 (1): 3–21. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC54513.
Greenbaum, L. 2010. “The Four-Year Undergraduate LLB: Progress and Pitfalls”. Journal for Juridical Science 35 (1): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.4314/jjs.v35i1.64578.
Greenbaum, L. 2014. “Re-visioning Legal Education in South Africa: Harmonising the Aspirations of Transformative Constitutionalism with the Challenges of our Educational Legacy”. SSRN, November 8. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2575289.
Harley, A. 2017. “Alienating Academic Work”. Education as Change 21 (3): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.17159/1947-9417/2017/3489.
Herman, C. 2011. “Expanding Doctoral Education in South Africa: Pipeline or Pipedream?” Higher Education Research and Development 30 (4): 505–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2010.527928.
Iya, P. F. 2003. “Fostering a Better Interaction between Academics and Practitioners to Promote Quality Clinical Legal Education with High Ethical Values”. International Journal of Clinical Legal Education 3: 41–57. https://doi.org/10.19164/ijcle.v3i0.117.
Jacobs, C. 2007. “Mainstreaming Academic Literacy Teaching: Implications for How Academic Development Understands Its Work in Higher Education”. South African Journal of Higher Education 21 (7): 870–881. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajhe.v21i7.25748.
Jacobs, C. 2013. “Academic Literacies and the Question of Knowledge”. Journal for Language Teaching 47 (2): 127–139. https://doi.org/10.4314/jlt.v47i2.7.
Jacobs, C. 2015. “Opening up the Curriculum: Moving from the Normative to the Transformative in Teachers’ Understandings of Disciplinary Literacy Practices”. In Working with Academic Literacies: Case Studies towards Transformative Practice, edited by T. Lillis, K. Harrington, M. R. Lea, and S. Mitchell, 131–141. Anderson: Parlor Press. https://doi.org/10.37514/PER-B.2015.0674.2.09.
Jukić, T. 2022. “Slow Pedagogy and Contemporary Teaching Strategies”. In Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 75th Anniversary of the Institute of Pedagogy—Educational Challenges and Future Prospects, Ohrid, 16–18 May 2022, edited by N. A. Galevska, E. Tomevska-Ilievska, M. Janevska, and B. Bugariska, 23–30. Skopje: Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje (UKIM). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365945352_Slow_Pedagogy_and_Contemporary_Teaching_Strategies.
Kielb, M. 2017. “Legal Education from the Perspective of Legal Practice”. Onati Socio-Legal Series 7 (8): 1636–1646. https://opo.iisj.net/index.php/osls/article/viewFile/713/1068.
Langa, J. P. 2006. “Transformative Constitutionalism”. Stellenbosch Law Review 17 (3): 351–360. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC54606.
Lea, M. R., and B. V. Street. 2006. “The ‘Academic Literacies’ Model: Theory and Applications”. Theory into Practice 45 (4): 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4504_11.
Leibowitz, B., and V. Bozalek. 2018. “Towards a Slow Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the South”. Teaching in Higher Education: Critical Perspectives 23 (8): 981–994. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2018.1452730.
Lillis, T., and M. Scott. 2007. “Defining Academic Literacies Research: Issues of Epistemology, Ideology and Strategy”. Journal of Applied Linguistics 4 (1): 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1558/japl.v4i1.5.
Longo, N., and T. Schaffer. 2019. “Discussing Democracy: Learning to Talk Together”. In Creating Space for Democracy: A Primer on Dialogue and Deliberation in Higher Education, edited by N. Longo and T. Schaffer, 13–38. New York: Routledge.
Lynch, K. 2014. “New Managerialism: The Impact on Education”. Concept: The Journal of Contemporary Community Education Practice Theory 5 (3): 1–11. https://concept.lib.ed.ac.uk/Concept/article/view/2421.
Macnaught, L., M. Bassett, V. van der Ham, J. Milne, and C. Jenkin. 2024. “Sustainable Embedded Academic Literacy Development: The Gradual Handover of Literacy Teaching”. Teaching in Higher Education: Critical Perspectives 29 (4): 1004–1022. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2022.2048369.
MacVaugh, J., A. Jones, and S. Auty. 2014. “Implicit, Stand-Alone or Integrated Skills Education for Undergraduates: A Longitudinal Analysis of Programme Outcomes”. Journal of Further and Higher Education 38 (6): 755–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2013.765941.
Maistry, S. 2014. “Education for Economic Growth: A Neoliberal Fallacy in South Africa”. Alternation 21 (1): 57–75.
Mansbridge, J. 1998. “Feminism and Democracy”. In Feminism and Politics, edited by A. Phillips, 142–158. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782063.003.0007.
Mansbridge, J. 2010. “Self-Interest and Political Transformation” In Reconsidering the Democratic Public, edited by G. E. Marcus and R. Hanson, 91–109. University Park: Penn State University Press.
Mbembe, A. 2012. “At the Centre of the Knot”. Social Dynamics 38 (1): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2012.699243.
Mbembe, A. 2015. “Decolonizing Knowledge and the Question of the Archive”. Spoken text for a series of public lectures given at the Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research (WISER), University of the Witwatersrand (Johannesburg), at conversations with the Rhodes Must Fall Movement at the University of Cape Town and the Indexing the Human Project, Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Stellenbosch. https://wiser.wits.ac.za/system/files/Achille%20Mbembe%20-%20Decolonizing%20Knowledge%20and%20the%20Question%20of%20the%20Archive.pdf.
Mbembe, A. J. 2016. “Decolonizing the University: New Directions”. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education 15 (1): 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474022215618513.
Mlambo, D. 2022. “Transformative Social Change and the Role of the Judge in Post-Apartheid South Africa”. Stellenbosch Law Review 33 (4): 595–604. https://doi.org/10.47348/SLR/2022/i4a1.
Modiri, J. M. 2013. “Transformation, Tension and Transgression: Reflections on the Culture and Ideology of South African Legal Education”. Stellenbosch Law Review 24 (3): 455–479. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40475.
Modiri, J. 2014. “The Crises in Legal Education”. Acta Academica: Critical Views on Society, Culture and Politics 46 (3): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.38140/aa.v46i3.1450.
Modiri, J. 2016. “The Time and Space of Critical Legal Pedagogy”. Stellenbosch Law Review 27 (3): 507–534. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60930.
Moore, J. 2022. “What Counts as Legal Writing? An Analysis of What It Means to Write in Law, with Reference to Both Legal Academics and Practitioners in South Africa”. PhD diss., University of the Witwatersrand. https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/5aa8d085-3dd2-4148-b1ad-32e9f6eec90f/content.
Moore, J. 2025a. “A Collaborative Approach to Developing LLB Students’ Critical Reading, Thinking and Writing Capacities”. In Legal Pedagogy, Practice and Curriculum Transformation: What Does the Future Hold and Look Like?, edited by C. Maimela, 205–224. Pretoria: Pretoria University Law Press.
Moore, J. M. 2025b. “Embedding Academic Literacies in a Bachelor of Laws Degree: A South African Case Study”. In Embedding Academic Literacies in University Curricula: Perspectives and Case Studies, edited by N. Murray, forthcoming. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Morrow, W. 2009. Bounds of Democracy: Epistemological Access in Higher Education. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Motala, S., Y. Sayed, and T. De Kock. 2021. “Epistemic Decolonisation in Reconstituting Higher Education Pedagogy in South Africa: The Student Perspective”. Teaching in Higher Education: Critical Perspectives 26 (7–8): 1002–1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2021.1947225.
National Planning Commission. 2014. National Development Plan 2030: Our Future—Make It Work. Accessed November 11, 2025. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/ndp-2030-our-future-make-it-workr.pdf.
Nichols, P. 2017. “Hopeful Directions for Writing Centres in South Africa: From Safe Spaces to Transitional Sites of Articulating Practice”. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics Plus 53 (1): 182–194. https://doi.org/10.5842/53-0-741.
Nichols, P., A. Joffe, R. Pillay, and B. Tladi. 2023. “Teacher-Team Reflections on the Quality and Modes of Thinking in Writing Intensive Courses at the University of the Witwatersrand During the First Year of the Global COVID-19 Pandemic”. Critical Studies in Teaching and Learning (CriSTaL) 11 (1): 68–95. https://doi.org/10.14426/cristal.v11i1.583.
RSA (The Republic of South Africa). 1996. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, No. 108 of 1996. Pretoria: Government Printers. Accessed September 27, 2025. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/images/a108-96.pdf.
RSA (Republic of South Africa). 1997. The Qualification of Legal Practitioners Amendment Act No 78 of 1997. Government Gazette Vol. 390, No. 18494. Cape Town: Government Printers. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/act78of1997.pdf.
Sedutla, M. 2013. “LLB Summit: Legal Education in Crisis?” De Rebus, July 1. https://www.derebus.org.za/llb-summit-legal-education-crisis.
Shaw, P. A., B. Cole, and J. Russell. 2013. “Determining Our Own Tempos: Exploring Slow Pedagogy, Curriculum, Assessment, and Professional Development”. To Improve the Academy: A Journal of Educational Development 32 (1): 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-4822.2013.tb00713.x.
Soudien, C. 2023. “Transformation Dynamics in South African Universities: Emergent Trends”. Southern African Review of Education 28 (1): 102–119.
Swanepoel, C. F., M. Karels, and I. Bezuidenhout. 2008. “Integrating Theory and Practice in the LLB Curriculum: Some Reflections”. Journal for Juridical Science 33: 99–111. http://hdl.handle.net/11660/7835.
Thesen, L. 2013. “Risk in Postgraduate Writing: Voice, Discourse and Edgework”. Critical Studies in Teaching and Learning 1 (1): 103–122. https://doi.org/10.14426/cristal.v1i1.10.
USAf (Universities South Africa). 2015. “Reflections on Higher Education Transformation”. Discussion paper prepared for the second national Higher Education Transformation Summit. https://www.justice.gov.za/commissions/feeshet/docs/2015-Report-SecondNationalHETSummit.pdf.
Waghid, Z. 2019. “The Need for South African (Higher) Education Institutions to be Attuned to Education 4.0”. South African Journal of Higher Education 33 (5): 1‒6. https://doi.org/10.20853/33-5-3670.
Waghid, Y., and N. Davids. 2022. “Is Democracy Still Relevant in South African Higher Education?” South African Journal of Higher Education 36 (2): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.20853/36-2-5142.
Whitear-Nel, N., and W. Freedman. 2015. “A Historical Review of the Development of the Post-Apartheid South African LLB Degree—with Particular Reference to Legal Ethics”. Fundamina 21 (2): 234–250. https://doi.org/10.17159/2411-7870/2015/v21n2a2.
Wingate, U. 2011. “A Comparison of ‘Additional’ and ‘Embedded’ Approaches to Teaching Writing in the Disciplines”. In Writing in the Disciplines, edited by M. Deane and P. O’Neill, 65–87. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-34451-8_5.
Wingate, U. 2018. “Academic Literacy across the Curriculum: Towards a Collaborative Instructional Approach”. Language Teaching 51 (3): 349–364. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444816000264.
Wingate, U. 2019. “Achieving Transformation through Collaboration: The Role of Academic Literacies”. Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education 15: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.47408/jldhe.v0i15.566.
Young, I. 1996. “Communication and the Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy”. In Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political, edited by S. Benhabib, 120–136. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1nxcvsv.9.
Younger, K., L. Gascoine, V. Menzies, and C. Torgerson. 2019. “A Systematic Review of Evidence on the Effectiveness of Interventions and Strategies for Widening Participation in Higher Education”. Journal of Further and Higher Education 43 (6): 742–773. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877x.2017.1404558.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Desia Colgan, Jean Moore

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

